Effects of context on the classification of words and nonwords.

Schuberth, Richard E.; Eimas, Peter D.

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.3.1.27

Cited by 169 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

128

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This result is compatible with Schubert and Eimas' (1977) demonstration that context and frequency have additive effects in a lexical decision task. The observed stability of word-frequency effects across single word and text presentation is an important demonstration of the fundamental role played by word frequency in visual word recognition.…”

Section: Comments On Word-length and Word-frequency Effectssupporting

confidence: 80%

Optimal landing position in reading isolated words and continuous text

Vitu

Ο’Regan

Mittau

1990

Perception & Psychophysics

222

153

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During isolated-word reading, within-word eye-movement tactics (i.e. whether the eye makes one or more fixations on the word) depend strongly on the eye's first fixation position in the word; there exists an optimal landing position where the probability of having to refixate the word is much smaller than when the eye first fixates other parts of the word, The present experiment was designed to test whether the optimal landing position effect still exists during text reading, and to compare the nature and strength of the effect with the effect found for isolated words. The results confirmed the existence of an optimal landing position in both reading conditions, but the effect for words in texts was weaker than it was for isolated words, probably because of the presence offactors such as reading rhythm and linguistic context. However, the effect still existed in text reading; within-word tactics during text reading are dependent on the eye's initiallanding position in words, Moreover, individual fixation durations were dependent on withinword tactics, Thus, the initial landing position in words must be taken into account if one wishes to understand eye-movement behavior during text reading. Further results concerned the effects of word length and word frequency in both reading conditions, 583A large number of experiments in recent years have been done to investigate the factors that determine fixation positions and fixation durations in reading, As concerns fixation positions, the preferred landing position in words is generally located at the middle or at the beginning of words (Dunn-Rankin, 1978;McConkie, Kerr, Reddix, & Zola, 1988;Rayner, 1979), but it depends on several factors. McConkie et al. (1988), in a very detailed study, and O' Regan (1979) have shown how landing positions in words depend on the length of the word the eye is leaving, the length of the word the eye is saccading towards, and the position relative to a word from which the eye's movement is launched. Although many experimenters have studied the influence of linguistic factors on the probability of fixating a word during reading (e.g., Balota, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 1985; Ehrlich & Rayner, 1981;Zola, 1984), there is only weak evidence that linguistic factors determine where the eye lands next (for a review of this question, see O'Regan, 1990).

show abstract

Section: Comments On Word-length and Word-frequency Effectssupporting

confidence: 80%

Optimal landing position in reading isolated words and continuous text

Vitu

Ο’Regan

Mittau

1990

Perception & Psychophysics

222

153

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Reaction times as well as eye movement data point to faster processing of high than of low predictability words (e.g., Ashby, Rayner, & Clifton, 2005;Calvo & Meseguer;Duffy, Henderson, & Morris, 1989;Ehrlich & Rayner, 1981;Fischler & Bloom, 1979;Kleiman, 1980;Kliegl et al, 2004Kliegl et al, , 2006Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle, 2004;Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek, 2001;Rayner & Well, 1996;Schuberth & Eimas, 1977;Stanovich & West, 1983;West & Stanovich, 1982). The critical question, however, is when does top-down expectation of a stimulus interact with the incoming visual information during reading and, depending on whether the prediction was correct or wrong, when does it help or hurt word processing?…”

Section: Predictability: Top-down Expectationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus onset asynchrony and the timeline of word recognition: Event-related potentials during sentence reading

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Article in press in Neuropsychologia [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.011] Please note that this unproofed preprint may be subject to minor changes. [May 5, 2012] SOA and the Timeline of Word Recognition 2 AbstractThree ERP experiments examined the effect of word presentation rate (i.e., stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) on the time course of word frequency and predictability effects in sentence reading. In Experiments 1 and 2, sentences were presented word-by-word in the screen center at an SOA of 700 and 490 ms, respectively. While these rates are typical for psycholinguistic ERP research, natural reading happens at a considerably faster pace. Accordingly, Experiment 3 employed a near-normal SOA of 280 ms, which approximated the rate of normal reading. Main results can be summarized as follows: (1) The onset latency of early frequency effects decreases gradually with increasing presentation rates. (2) An early interaction between top-down and bottom-up processing is observed only under a nearnormal SOA. (3) N400 predictability effects occur later and are smaller at a near-normal (i.e., high) presentation rate than at the lower rates commonly used in ERP experiments. (4) ERP morphology is different at the shortest compared to longer SOAs. Together, the results point to a special role of a near-normal presentation rate for visual word recognition and therefore suggest that SOA should be taken into account in research of natural reading.

show abstract

“…The effect of the semantic relatedness of the context and the stimulus on decision latency has been found (1) to interact with the effect of the visual quality (Meyer et al, 1975) and intensity (Becker & Killion, 1977) of the stimulus and (2) to combine additively with the counted frequency of occurrence of the stimulus in the English language (Schuberth & Eimas, 1977; but see also Becker, 1979). In addition, the effect of word frequency on decision latency has been shown to combine additively with the effects of the visual quality (Stanners, Jastrzembski, & Westbrook, 1975) and intensity (Becker & Killion, 1977) of the stimulus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…whether single words (Becker, 1980;Neely, 1976Neely, , 1977 or incomplete sentences (Fischler & Bloom, 1979Schuberth & Eimas, 1977;Stanovich, 1980) were used as context.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stimulus and contextual information on the lexical decision process

1981

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Two experiments were conducted to investigate context effects on the lexical decision process. In both experiments, observers classified letter strings as words or nonwords following the presentation of context in the form of an incomplete sentence. In Experiment I, the predictability of congruous word stimuli and their frequency of occurrence in printed English were varied. These two factors had independent and additive effects on decision latencies. Stimulus quality, word frequency, and semantic congruity (i.e., congruous vs. incongruous) between the context and the stimulus were varied in Experiment 2. The effects of semantic congruity and word frequency on decision latencies combined additively, as did the effects of semantic congruity and stimulus quality. Two complementary mechanisms were proposed within the framework of a modified version of Becker's verification model to account for the differential effects of single-wordand sentence context priming on the lexical decision process. 68The effects of semantic context on the process of word recognition currently provide the focus for much research. A primary goal of this line of research has been to provide an explanation of how visual and contextual information are combined during reading. As our knowledge of context effects has increased, a variety of theoretical word recognition models have been advanced to describe the interaction of visual and contextual infor-

show abstract

Effects of context on the classification of words and nonwords.

Cited by 169 publications

References 19 publications

Optimal landing position in reading isolated words and continuous text

Optimal landing position in reading isolated words and continuous text

Stimulus onset asynchrony and the timeline of word recognition: Event-related potentials during sentence reading

Effects of stimulus and contextual information on the lexical decision process

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About