Effects of comprehension on retention of prose.

Dooling, D. James; Lachman, Roy

doi:10.1037/h0030904

Cited by 343 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Providing readers with a six-word title before paragraphs was not effective in increasing the number of idea units recalled. These results are in contrast to those of Bransford and Johnson (1972), Lachman (1971), andMullet (1973), who found that titles or short phrases describing the content of paragraphs significantly increased free recall. Clearly the differences in stimulus materials account for the contrasting results.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…Note that in contrast to the materials of Bransford and Johnson (1972), Dooling and Mullet (1973), or Dooling and Lachman (1971), the above passage is ambiguous not because it is vague and leaves intended referents unspecified (Haviland & Clark, 1974), but because it allows two relatively concrete meanings to be constructed. The paragraph can be taken as representing an interaction between the manager of a losing baseball team and one of his players.…”

Section: Improving Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Improving memory for prose: The relationship between depth of processing and context

Schallert

1976

Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior

145

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Improving Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving memory for prose: The relationship between depth of processing and context

Schallert

1976

Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior

145

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“…Beyond this accessibility difference, however, there also would likely be differences in forgetting. The beneficial effects on retention of integrating facts into a coherent whole are well documented (e.g., Bransford & Johnson, 1972;Dooling & Lachman, 1971), and therefore the original information, since it is no longer integrated into the schema, might be the more rapidly forgotten. The alternative position we have sketched might be called the "temporary-coexistence hypothesis."…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Editing misleading information from memory: Evidence for the coexistence of original and postevent information

1983

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When misleading postevent information biases one's memory for an event, what is the fate of the original, accurate information? One possibility is that the new information and the original information coexist in memory, but that the former is simply more accessible. A second hypothesis suggests that the new information replaces the old, and memory is irreversibly altered. Using various retrieval techniques, Loftus and her associates (Greene, Flynn, & Loftus, 1982; Loftus, 1979a Loftus, , 1979b have failed repeatedly in attempts to recover original memories after postevent biasing, a finding that supports the alteration hypothesis. In the present study, postevent biasing was demonstrated in two experiments. In each experiment, some subjects were given a warning that the postevent information had included a few inaccurate details. These subjects were able to edit out the inaccurate details and to recover the original facts when the warning came as much as 45 min after they had read the misleading information, a result that argues for the coexistence of memories. Successful recovery of the original memories was apparently due to the clarity of the warning and to an improved technique for assessing the retrieval of original memories.In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that misleading postevent information introduced in a narrative or as a presupposition of a question can alter a person's recollection of an event (e.g., Christiaansen, Sweeney, & Ochalek, 1983;Dodd & Bradshaw, 1980;Loftus, 1975;Loftus & Greene, 1980; Loftus, Miller, & Bums, 1978;Loftus & Palmer, 1974;Powers, Andriks, & Loftus, 1979). Although it is clear that such postevent information has an effect, questions remain about why the false postevent information is remembered instead of the original, when it is demonstrated (or at least reasonably certain) that the original information was indeed encoded in memory. Perhaps the original information still exists in memory, but is simply less accessible than the more recent biasing information. Loftus (l979a) referred to such an explanation as the coexistence hypothesis, since the original and postevent information coexist in memory. Alternatively, one's memory could actually be changed and updated, and the original representation destroyed, each This research is based on an honors thesis by the second author under the supervision of the first. We wish to thank Audrey Skaife and the University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh for providing subjects for Experiment 2, andElizabeth F. Loftusfor providing copies of her event slides used in that same experiment and for additional materials used in constructing the narratives and tests. We also

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“…Dooling and Lachman (1971) and Garrod and Sanford (1977) showed that providing information about the discourse-topic at the beginning of the text activates the related schema or general knowledge which allows incoming information to be integrated more easily. Giora (1985b) showed that discourses with a discourse-topic proposition in initial position are read significantly faster than identical discourses with discourse-topic mention in final position.…”

Section: Text Comprehension Is a Discourse-topic Oriented Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Discourse coherence and theory of relevance: Stumbling blocks in search of a unified theory

Giora

1997

Journal of Pragmatics

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Effects of comprehension on retention of prose.

Cited by 343 publications

References 9 publications

Improving memory for prose: The relationship between depth of processing and context

Improving memory for prose: The relationship between depth of processing and context

Editing misleading information from memory: Evidence for the coexistence of original and postevent information

Discourse coherence and theory of relevance: Stumbling blocks in search of a unified theory

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