Effects of Compaction on Physical Properties of Sand‐Soil‐Peat Mixtures at Various Moisture Contents<sup>1</sup>

Swartz, W E; Kardos, L. T.

doi:10.2134/agronj1963.00021962005500010004x

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…These results suggest that suitable sand contents for a high-quality, general-use soil using either soil material should be about 65%. This conclusion corresponds with that of Swartz and Kardos (1963), who recommended that total sand content of a soil mixture should approach 70% by weight. This conclusion also conforms with that of Waddington et al (1974), who noted that 50 to 60% of a coarse amendment was required to effectively modify a silt loam soil.…”

Section: Analysis Of Turf Clipping Yieldsupporting

confidence: 88%

Sand and Organic Amendment Influences on Soil Physical Properties Related to Turf Establishment

McCoy

1998

Agronomy Journal

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Topsoil blending is a common practice in many metropolitan areas, yet few scientific guidelines are available for design of general‐use, lawn‐area soils. The objective of this study was to provide blending guidelines with focus on establishing a vigorous turfgrass ground cover. A Mahoning silt loam (fine, illitic, mesic Aerie Epiaqualf) and a Tioga loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrept) were each blended with a spent foundry sand and a peat humus to form 28 individual soil mixes for each native soil. Soil properties and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) growth were measured for each soil mix. Cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density, and plant available water exhibited changes due to soil mix that largely resulted from differences in mix organic matter (OM) content. Compression index, bubbling pressure (Hb), air‐filled porosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) responded to both sand and OM contents of the soil mixes. The pore distribution parameter, λ, exhibited a response to sand and OM contents, but only at high levels of either component. Principal component analysis (PCA) of soil properties revealed that the first two principal components contained 85 to 88% of the total data variation with correlations between compression index, Hb, air‐filled porosity, Ksat, and λ contained in the first component and correlation between CEC, bulk density, and available water contained in the second component. Regression of turf clipping yield vs. PCA factor scores and regression of factor scores vs. total sand and OM contents suggested that a high‐quality, general‐use soil for lawn establishment would contain about 65% sand and have an OM content of 8% by weight. The multivariate process of relating turf yield to soil physical properties, as applied in this study, should provide more generalized mix formulation guidelines than do recommendations based on relating turf yield to mix composition.

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Section: Analysis Of Turf Clipping Yieldsupporting

confidence: 88%

Sand and Organic Amendment Influences on Soil Physical Properties Related to Turf Establishment

McCoy

1998

Agronomy Journal

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“…Although trampling did not significantly affect total porosity or bulk density (Table 3), intensive foot traffic and wear tore the cells of turfgrasses, and apparently closed macropores of thatchy soil surface. The results of soil volume and mass relationships indicate that the putting green mixture of sand and peat restricted soil compaction, thus agreeing with Swartz and Kardos (1963) or Brown and Duble (1975). Soil compaction was, although slightly, recorded by increased soil mechanical impedance (Fig.…”

Section: Soil Physical Conditionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Root growth dynamics in golf greens with different compression intensities and winter survival

Marjamäki¹,

Pietola²

2008

AFSci

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The aim of this study was to measure root growth dynamics under Nordic putting green conditions in order to estimate the sensitivity of root growth to winter damages and compression. Root numbers of turfgrasses were measured from soil depths of 0-40 cm by minirhizotrons. The minirhizotrons tubes were installed in the most compressed (center) and less walked (edge) parts of putting greens with good or weak winter survival. The highest root numbers were recorded under less walked green edge areas with good winter survival. The lowest root numbers were measured from center areas of greens, especially from areas suffering winter damage in previous years. Morphological parameters of roots were studied by a destructive soil sampling method in midseason 1998. Based on image analysis of washed roots, root length density at soil depths of 0-2.5 cm was 400 cm cm -3 in greens of weak winter survival and up to 900 cm cm -3 in greens of good winter survival. Our findings emphasize that root growth of turfgrasses is highly dynamic and sensitive to compression despite of non significant effects on soil porosity. Reduced root growth of greens with weak winter survival continued despite of recovery of shoot growth.

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“…Both Howard 3 and Kunze 4 found in plot experiments that a mixture of 70 to 85% sand, 10% peat moss, and 5% to 20% soil were most resistaqt to compaction. A laboratory investigation on soil mixtures without a grass cover by Swartz and Kardos (1963) revealed that mixtures with greater than 70% sand were required to provide adequate percolation rates after compaction. No study is available, however, which reports more than one or two of the physical characteristics of a range of mixtures.…”

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confidence: 99%

Physical Characteristics of Soil Mixtures Used for Golf Green Construction¹

Brown¹,

Dublé

1975

Agronomy Journal

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Large amounts of money are invested each year in the preparation of mixtures for the construction of golf greens and athletic fields. Few efforts have been made to completely characterize the physical properties of the resulting greens. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the physical characteristics of a range of sand and soil mixtures for golf green construction. Treatment variables included the amount and texture of soil used in the mixture and the presence or absence of a sand layer between the mixture and the gravel drainage layer. The mixtures were placed in 30 cm diam. containers. They were compacted and grass was established. Infiltration rates decreased after the grass was established and decreased again after the soil mixture was compacted. Mixtures with greater than 3% clay had infiltration rates too small to assure a playable surface after heavy water applications. The depth of available water held by mixtures with 5% soil averaged 6.6 cm for a 35 cm layer. Pure sands held about half this amount of water. Measured water retention agreed well with that calculated from the unsaturated conductivity of the gravel layer and the water retention characteristics of the mixture. Provided the gravel used as the drainage layer has a particle distribution such that less than half the particles are greater than 0.64 cm, little evidence of particle migration was found even without a layer of sand between the mixture and the gravel. Optimum physical characteristics were achieved with mixture containing 5% soil, 85% sand, and 10% peat moss by volume.

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Effects of Compaction on Physical Properties of Sand‐Soil‐Peat Mixtures at Various Moisture Contents¹

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Sand and Organic Amendment Influences on Soil Physical Properties Related to Turf Establishment

Sand and Organic Amendment Influences on Soil Physical Properties Related to Turf Establishment

Root growth dynamics in golf greens with different compression intensities and winter survival

Physical Characteristics of Soil Mixtures Used for Golf Green Construction¹

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Effects of Compaction on Physical Properties of Sand‐Soil‐Peat Mixtures at Various Moisture Contents1

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Sand and Organic Amendment Influences on Soil Physical Properties Related to Turf Establishment

Sand and Organic Amendment Influences on Soil Physical Properties Related to Turf Establishment

Root growth dynamics in golf greens with different compression intensities and winter survival

Physical Characteristics of Soil Mixtures Used for Golf Green Construction1

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Effects of Compaction on Physical Properties of Sand‐Soil‐Peat Mixtures at Various Moisture Contents¹

Physical Characteristics of Soil Mixtures Used for Golf Green Construction¹