Effects of Cobalt Chloride, a Hypoxia-Mimetic Agent, on Autophagy and Atrophy in Skeletal C2C12 Myotubes

Chen, Rui; Jiang, Ting; She, Yanling; Xu, Jibin; Li, Cheng; Zhou, Shanyao; Shen, Huijuan; Shi, Huacai; Liu, Shuang

doi:10.1155/2017/7097580

Cited by 37 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…and LC3II/I ratio rose, while the p62 level declined) [39,40]. Moreover, the levels of LC3 and Beclin1 in C2C12 myotubes are enhanced by exposure to the hypoxic modulator CoCl2 and inhibitors of autophagy promote the expression of myogenin and formation of myotubes [41]. Furthermore, similar to our observations, another investigation found that 8 weeks of resistance ladder training under normoxia reduces the LC3II/LC3I ratio and elevates the level of p62 [42].…”

Section: Resistance Training Alleviates Hypoxia-induced Muscle Atrophsupporting

confidence: 86%

Resistance Training Alleviates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Rats Exposed to Hypoxia by inhibiting Autophagy Mediated by Acetyl-FoxO1

Fu¹,

Kong²,

Lijing³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Skeletal muscle atrophy induced by hypoxia could affect the physical fitness and training effect of the athletes in the rapid altitude, and also affect the production and life of the general public. Resistance training in a hypoxic environment could effectively alleviate the occurrence of muscular atrophy. Whether autophagy lysosomal pathway, as an important proteolysis pathway, is involved in this process, and whether FoxO1, the key gene of atrophy, plays a role by regulating autophagy is unclear. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normoxic control group (group C), normoxic resistance-training group (group R), hypoxic control group (group H), and hypoxic resistance-training group (group HR). The H and HR groups were exposed to 12.4% oxygen for four weeks. The R and HR groups underwent incremental loaded training by climbing a ladder every other day for four weeks. Results: Compared to parameters in group H, resistance training increased lean body mass (LBM) and wet weight and decreased the expression of atrogin1 of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) after four weeks ( P <0.05). Resistance training decreased the levels of FoxO1 and Ac-FoxO1 and the extent of their localization in the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively ( P <0.05), as well as the LC3II/LC3I ratio, the integrated optical density (IOD) of LC3 and the levels of autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7), and elevated the levels of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) ( P <0.05). Most differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (ATGs) interacted with FoxO1, and the functions of these ATGs were mainly enriched in the early autophagy phase. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that resistance training lowers the levels of both nuclear FoxO1 and cytoplasmic Ac-FoxO1, as well as reduced autophagic flux in the EDL of rats exposed to hypoxia.

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Section: Resistance Training Alleviates Hypoxia-induced Muscle Atrophsupporting

confidence: 86%

Resistance Training Alleviates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Rats Exposed to Hypoxia by inhibiting Autophagy Mediated by Acetyl-FoxO1

Fu¹,

Kong²,

Lijing³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…SCSP-505) in 5% CO 2 at 37°C. The markers of C2C12 differentiation model were myogenin and myosin heavy chain [46,47], and the differentiation model was also established in the early work of our laboratory [23,48,49].…”

Section: Cell Culture and Establishment Of The C2c12 Differentiation mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of circular RNAs during C2C12 myoblast differentiation and prediction of coding potential based on the number of open reading frames and N6-methyladenosine motifs

et al. 2018

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The importance of circular RNAs (circRNAs) as regulators of muscle development and muscle-associated disorders is becoming increasingly apparent. To explore potential regulators of muscle differentiation, we determined the expression profiles of circRNAs of skeletal muscle C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes using microarray analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to explore circRNA functions. We also established competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks using bioinformatics methods and predicted the coding potential of differentially expressed circRNAs. We found that 581 circRNAs were differentially regulated between C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the primary functions of the linear transcripts of the circRNAs were linked with organization of the cytoskeleton, calcium signaling, cell cycle, and metabolic pathways. ceRNA networks showed that the myogenic-specific genes myogenin, myocyte enhancer factor 2a, myosin heavy chain (Myh)-1, Myh7, and Myh7b could combine with 91 miRNAs and the top 30 upregulated circRNAs, forming 239 edges. According to the number of open reading frames and N-methyladenosine motifs, we identified 224 circRNAs with coding potential, and performed GO and KEGG analyses based on the linear counterparts of 75 circRNAs. We determined that the 75 circRNAs were related to regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and metabolic pathways. We established expression profiles of circRNAs during C2C12 myoblast differentiation and predicted the function of differentially expressed circRNAs, which might be involved in skeletal muscle development. Our study offers new insight into the functions of circRNAs in skeletal muscle growth and development.

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“…It has been also demonstrated that Co-induced hypoxic signaling resulted in autophagy and atrophy in C2C12-derived mouse myotubes via the HIF-1α/BNIP3/beclin-1 and AMPK/ mTOR signaling pathways (Chen et al, 2017).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Physiological Functionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cobalt in athletes: hypoxia and doping - new crossroads

Skalny¹,

Zaitseva²,

Gluhcheva³

et al. 2019

JAB

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Cobalt is an essential trace element that is known to mimic hypoxia and hypoxic training. Inorganic Co compounds are capable of Hypoxiainducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation, resulting in up-regulation of gene expression including erythropoietin (Epo). Experimental studies have demonstrated that Co treatment may increase hypoxic tolerance of different tissues, improve muscle metabolism and exercise performance. Other mechanisms may also involve modulation of steroid hormone and iron metabolism. Based on these experimental studies, in 2017 inorganic cobalt compounds were added into the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list as doping agents. However, the existing data on beneficial effects of cobalt on exercise performance in athletes are scarce. Similarly, only experimental studies demonstrated exercise-induced decrease in tissue Co levels, whereas human data are inconsistent. In addition, multiple studies have demonstrated that excessive Co intake may be toxic due to prooxidant, proinflammatory, and proapoptotic activity. Therefore, monitoring of Co deficiency and overload is required to prevent potential health hazards in athletes. At the same time, modulation of Co status should be performed through supplementation avoiding excessive doses of inorganic cobalt that are used for doping and are accompanied by adverse health effects of metal toxicity.

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Effects of Cobalt Chloride, a Hypoxia-Mimetic Agent, on Autophagy and Atrophy in Skeletal C2C12 Myotubes

Cited by 37 publications

References 28 publications

Resistance Training Alleviates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Rats Exposed to Hypoxia by inhibiting Autophagy Mediated by Acetyl-FoxO1

Resistance Training Alleviates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Rats Exposed to Hypoxia by inhibiting Autophagy Mediated by Acetyl-FoxO1

Expression of circular RNAs during C2C12 myoblast differentiation and prediction of coding potential based on the number of open reading frames and N6-methyladenosine motifs

Cobalt in athletes: hypoxia and doping - new crossroads

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