Effects of Coatings and Pollenicides on Pollen Tube Growth Through the Stigma and Style of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Blossoms

Embree, C.G.; Foster, Adriance S.

doi:10.1300/j072v02n02_03

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Flower samples were stored in a 5% sodium sulfite (Amresco, Solon, OH) solution at 4°C to halt pollen tube growth until histological examination as described by Embree and Foster (1999). Briefly, flowers were prepared for visualization by boiling in the sodium sulfite solution for 15 min to soften tissues.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing Apple Crop Load and Diseases with Bloom Thinning Applications in an Organically Managed ‘Honeycrisp’/‘MM.111’ Orchard

Peck

DeLong

Combs

et al. 2017

horts

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Additional index words. apple scab, cedar apple rust, Japanese knotweed, liquid lime sulfur, powdery mildew, quince rust Abstract. Although demand for organic produce continues to increase in the midAtlantic, few apple (Malus 3domestica Borkh.) growers in the region have adopted organic management practices due to the considerable disease, insect, and weed pressure, as well as the lack of effective crop load management tools. In this study, lime sulfur (LS) and Regalia Ò (R) were applied in different sequences (i.e., LS/LS, LS/R, R/R, and R/LS), each in a mixture with JMS Stylet-Oil, to chemically thin apple flowers in an organically managed 'Honeycrisp'/'MM.111' orchard. There was also a nontreated control, a ''grower standard'' control (LS at 11 mm fruitlet diameter), and a hand-thinned control. The treatments were evaluated for their ability to reduce crop load, as well as to control powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everh.) E. S. Salmon], cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginiana Schwein.), and quince rust (Gymnosporangium clavipes Cooke & Peck). All treatments reduced crop load compared with the nontreated control, and after the first application of LS or R, the number of fertilized king blooms was reduced and fertilization was prevented in all side blooms. All bloom thinning treatments had more fruit peel russet than the control and russet was more severe when LS was one of the applications. Bloom thinning applications of LS and R did not reduce powdery mildew leaf infection compared with the nontreated control. Cedar apple rust incidence was reduced by all bloom thinning treatments, though some lesions were detected in all treatments. There were minimal quince rust infections in any of the treatments, including the nontreated control. These results suggest that when LS and/or Regalia Ò are mixed with JMS Stylet-Oil and applied as bloom thinners, they can reduce crop load, and, as a secondary benefit, they can also decrease cedar apple rust incidence from infections that occur during bloom.There is a need to conduct research specifically for organic apple (Malus ·domestica) production in the mid-Atlantic region (including the states of Delaware,

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing Apple Crop Load and Diseases with Bloom Thinning Applications in an Organically Managed ‘Honeycrisp’/‘MM.111’ Orchard

Peck

DeLong

Combs

et al. 2017

horts

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Pollen tube examination. The method of Embree and Foster (1999) was modified to determine pollen germination on the stigmatic surface, number of pollen tubes penetrating through the stigma, and number of pollen tubes that grew to the base of the style. Briefly, flowers were removed from trees at indicated times, placed in a solution of 5% sodium sulfite in labeled glass containers, boiled for 15 min, and then refrigerated until microscopic examination.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Temperature and the Combination of Liquid Lime Sulfur and Fish Oil on Pollen Germination, Pollen Tube Growth, and Fruit Set in Apples

Yoder¹,

Yuan²,

Combs³

et al. 2009

horts

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Effects of temperature and the combination of liquid lime sulfur (LLS) and fish oil (FO) applied during bloom on pollen germination and pollen tube growth in flowers and fruit set were examined in apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). Percent germination of pollen of ‘Manchurian’ crabapples and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple flowers on the stigmatic surface of ‘Golden Delicious’ pistils increased with increasing temperature from 13 to 29 °C in the first 24 and 48 h after pollination, respectively, but not thereafter. Pollen tube growth rate in the style increased quadratically with increasing temperature from 13 to 29 °C. ‘Manchurian’ was a more effective pollenizer of ‘Golden Delicious’ than was ‘Golden Delicious’ pollen. For example, at 24 or 29 °C, some ‘Manchurian’ pollen tubes grew to the base of ‘Golden Delicious’ styles by 24 h after pollination. On the other hand, no ‘Golden Delicious’ pollen tube grew to the base of a ‘Golden Delicious’ style regardless of temperature and time. Pollen tube growth rate in the style increased with increasing day/night temperature from 7/0 to 24/7 °C. The time required for pollen tubes to grow to the base of styles decreased with increasing day/night temperature from 13/2 to 24/7 °C. Only ≈36 h was required for pollen tubes to grow to the base of style at 24/7 °C, whereas pollen tubes grew very slowly and no pollen tubes grew to the base of style at 7/0 °C regardless of pollen source. LLS + FO, applied 4 or 24 h after pollination, inhibited pollen germination, pollen tube growth in the style, fertilization, and fruit set, but it had no effect when applied 48 h after pollination. These results suggest that LLS + FO applied at this bloom stage causes flower or fruit abscission most likely by inhibiting pollen germination, pollen tube growth in the style, and fertilization.

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“…The number of pollen tubes present at the mid point of each style was counted using the method of Embree and Foster (1999). Briefl y, samples were autoclaved at 120 °C for 20 min before squashing under a glass cover slip with water soluble 0.01% Aniline Blue stain in 0.067 M K 2 HPO 4 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Lime Sulfur and Fish Oil on Pollen Tube Growth, Leaf Photosynthesis and Fruit Set in Apple

McArtney¹,

Palmer²,

Davies³

et al. 2006

HortSci

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The effect of liquid lime sulfur (LS) and fish oil (FO) application during bloom on leaf photosynthesis (Pn) and pollen tube growth in apple (Malus ×domestica) flowers were investigated in order to determine their mode of action as a bloom thinning agent. LS increased the percentage of flowers with fewer than 10 pollen tubes per flower to more than 64% compared to 5% or less in the control. Pollen tubes were completely absent from 27% to 48% of flowers following LS treatment compared with fewer than 4% of flowers having no pollen tubes on control trees. These data indicate that 30% to 50% of flowers that open on the day of LS application are unlikely to set a fruit due to the complete inhibition of embryo fertilization. Increasing the rate of LS from 0.5% to 4% increased the proportion of flowers with limited pollen tube number in a concentration dependent manner. LS suppressed the rate of light saturated Pn; successive LS sprays during the bloom period had an additive effect on suppression of Pn and fruit set. In one study the reduction in Pn was greatest 12 days after application of LS but Pn recovered by about 19 days after initial treatment. In a second study Pn of primary spur leaves had still not recovered when measured 57 days after the first of three applications. FO had no effect on the number of pollen tubes per flower, but reduced Pn and fruit set by about 10% and 20% respectively. An increase in the proportion of flowers with no pollen tubes, and therefore no embryo development, can account, at least in part, for the thinning response following application of LS to apples during bloom. It is likely that suppression of Pn contributes to the thinning response, although the importance of this mechanism will depend on perturbation of the total carbohydrate supply to developing fruit.

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Effects of Coatings and Pollenicides on Pollen Tube Growth Through the Stigma and Style of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Blossoms

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Managing Apple Crop Load and Diseases with Bloom Thinning Applications in an Organically Managed ‘Honeycrisp’/‘MM.111’ Orchard

Managing Apple Crop Load and Diseases with Bloom Thinning Applications in an Organically Managed ‘Honeycrisp’/‘MM.111’ Orchard

Effects of Temperature and the Combination of Liquid Lime Sulfur and Fish Oil on Pollen Germination, Pollen Tube Growth, and Fruit Set in Apples

Effects of Lime Sulfur and Fish Oil on Pollen Tube Growth, Leaf Photosynthesis and Fruit Set in Apple

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