Effects of co-exposure of benzene, toluene and xylene to Drosophila melanogaster: Alteration in hsp70, hsp60, hsp83, hsp26, ROS generation and oxidative stress markers

Vapors of benzene, a parquet varnish and a synthetic thinner induce chromosome loss in cells of the Drosophila wing primordia

“…by Singh et al, 2010) and is confirmed here, even short exposures of the Drosophila larvae to low concentrations of benzene vapor is rather toxic (Table 1). Exposure to vapors of the liquid parquet varnish for one day significantly reduced the survival of the Drosophila larvae to adulthood.…”

Effects of permissible maximum-contamination levels of VOC mixture in water on total DNA, antioxidant gene expression, and sequences of ribosomal DNA of Drosophila melanogaster

“…Toxic ROS accumulation due to an inadequate antioxidant system can lead to genotoxic effects, such as DNA polymorphism and gene induction/repressions (Ochsendorf 1999). Recent studies have shown that during stressful conditions, a differential regulation of genes encoding proteins involved in Table 2 Changes in the RAPD profiles based on the appearance (A) and disappearance (D) of bands with specific molecular sizes (bp) using four primers in the control and VOCs mix exposed antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GS) and heat shock proteins exists (Singh et al 2010;Tsuda et al 2010). To scavenge ROS, SOD is the first and most important enzyme of the antioxidant system-catalysing the dismutation of superoxide anions to H 2 O 2 and water.…”

“…The vast majority of current research performed on humans (Wallace 1996;Adgate et al 2004), rats, and mice (Ungvary and Tatrai 1985;Keller and Snyder 1988) has focused on individuals that are exposed to a variety of concentrations, times, and frequencies. However, some earlier observations were made on mammalian cells (in vitro) with detected toluene (2.16 ppm), ethylbenzene (6.05 ppm), xylene (9.78 ppm), and benzene (73 ppb) mixture and rats (benzene and toluene at 20-100 ppm); zebra fish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) (mixtures of benzene and toluene at 20-100 ppm); and Drosophila (mixtures of benzene and toluene, toluene and xylene, benzene and xylene, and benzene, xylene, and toluene at 25-100 mM) after their co-exposure to VOC mixtures (Inoue et al 1988;Brondeau et al 1992;Mizell and Romig 1997;Singh et al 2010;Kim et al 2011). …”

“…Exposure to VOCs by contamination of drinking-water supplies caused several physiological and genetic effects on immune, respiratory, and reproductive systems. Additionally, contact with these substances results from occupational exposure as well as from deliberate inhalation (Spiller and Krenzelok 1997;Singh et al 2010). Benzene, xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene are the most common VOCs in the environment, and it is well documented for human exposure that these substances may pose toxic, genotoxic, or carcinogenic hazards.…”

“…Drosophila melanogaster is an insect model for human diseases (Siddique et al 2005;Warrick et al 1999) and toxicological research due to its well-known whole genome and biological characteristics (Gaivao et al 1999;Singh et al 2010). Currently, approximately thousands of genes responsible for different human genetic diseases such as developmental and metabolic disorders have been determined in Drosophila (Reiter et al 2001;Koh et al 2006;Wolf et al 2006).…”