Effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of Norovirus contamination via environmental surfaces

Barker, John; Vipond, Ian B.; Bloomfield, Sally F.

doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.04.021

Cited by 342 publications

(283 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…There was no evidence that hand washing was protective against norovirus-associated IID, despite many observational, intervention and laboratory studies showing that hand washing with soap and water is an effective method for reducing the incidence of infection with directly transmitted viruses [35,36], including norovirus [35]. Hand hygiene was not a primary exposure in the IID study and was collected specifically from the person in the household responsible for food shopping and preparation (not always the study participant), only in relation to food preparation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community

et al. 2010

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SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to investigate risk factors for norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease (IID) and asymptomatic norovirus infection. Individuals with IID and healthy controls were recruited in a community-based study in England (1993England ( -1996. This is the first risk-factor study to use viral load measurements, generated by real-time RT-PCR, to identify cases of norovirus-associated IID and asymptomatic infections. Using multivariable logistic regression the main risk factor identified for norovirus-associated IID was contact with a person with IID symptoms. Infectious contacts accounted for 54 % of norovirus cases in young children and 39 % of norovirus cases in older children and adults. For young children, contacts outside the household presented the highest risk ; for older children and adults, the highest risk was associated with child contacts inside the household. Foreign travel and consumption of shellfish increased the risk of norovirus-associated IID. Lifestyle and dietary factors were associated with a decreased risk of both norovirus-associated IID and asymptomatic infection. No risk factors were identified for asymptomatic norovirus infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community

et al. 2010

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“…8 As cleaning with soap and water may cross-contaminate surfaces, disinfection is recommended to reduce prevalence of pathogens on surfaces after illness, and prevent cross-contamination during food preparation. 8,9 The International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (ISFHH) promotes surface disinfection as an important intervention for reducing disease transmission risk. 10 In the developing world, ISFHH prioritizes sufficient feces disposal, access to safe water, and hand washing practices as the "basic pillars for building effective hygiene practice" but emphasizes that home hygiene practices including surface disinfection are "key to controlling a significant portion of" infectious diseases.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal Indicator Bacteria Contamination of Fomites and Household Demand for Surface Disinfection Products: A Case Study from Peru

Julian¹,

MacDonald²,

Guo³

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Surface-mediated disease transmission is understudied in developing countries, particularly in light of the evidence that surface concentrations of fecal bacteria typically exceed concentrations in developed countries by 10-to 100-fold. In this study, we examined fecal indicator bacterial contamination of dinner plates at 21 households in four periurban communities in the Peruvian Amazon. We also used surveys to estimate household use of and demand for surface disinfectants at 280 households. Despite detecting total coliform, enterococci, and Escherichia coli on 86%, 43%, and 24% of plates sampled, respectively, less than one-third of households were regularly using bleach to disinfect surfaces. Among non-users of bleach, only 3.2% of respondents reported a new demand for bleach, defined as a high likelihood of using bleach within the next year. This study highlights the potential for marketing approaches to increase use of and demand for surface disinfectants to improve domestic hygiene.

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“…Norovirus is predominantly transmitted through the fecal-oral route, either indirectly through contaminated food or surfaces or directly from person to person (5). It can be transmitted through small infectious droplets (aerosols) after a vomiting episode (6,7) and can survive for a very long time in the environment (5,8). Most norovirus outbreaks are seen in settings where clusters of vulnerable, susceptible persons live closely together, such as nursing homes, hospitals, and daycare centers (4), and in settings in which turnover of susceptible persons is high, such as hotels and cruise ships (9,10).…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhanced Hygiene Measures and Norovirus Transmission during an Outbreak

Heijne¹,

Teunis²,

Morroy³

et al. 2009

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Control of norovirus outbreaks relies on enhanced hygiene measures, such as handwashing, surface cleaning, using disposable paper towels, and using separate toilets for sick and well persons. However, little is known about their effectiveness in limiting further spread of norovirus infections. We analyzed norovirus outbreaks in 7 camps at an international scouting jamboree in the Netherlands during 2004. Implementation of hygiene measures coincided with an 84.8% (95% predictive interval 81.2%-86.6%) reduction in reproduction number. This reduction was unexpectedly large but still below the reduction needed to contain a norovirus outbreak. Even more stringent control measures are required to break the chain of transmission of norovirus.G astroenteritis is one of the most common causes of illness (1). Recent fi ndings indicate norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis (2,3). Of all gastroenteritis outbreaks reported in the Netherlands during 2002, 54% were caused by norovirus (4). Norovirus is predominantly transmitted through the fecal-oral route, either indirectly through contaminated food or surfaces or directly from person to person (5). It can be transmitted through small infectious droplets (aerosols) after a vomiting episode (6,7) and can survive for a very long time in the environment (5,8). Most norovirus outbreaks are seen in settings where clusters of vulnerable, susceptible persons live closely together, such as nursing homes, hospitals, and daycare centers (4), and in settings in which turnover of susceptible persons is high, such as hotels and cruise ships (9,10).Norovirus infection can cause serious medical complications, such as dehydration, in persons with underlying illness (11). No antiviral treatment exists for norovirus infection, and although norovirus vaccines are in development (12), none are available yet. Early studies suggested that norovirus outbreaks could be contained by rapid implementation of enhanced hygiene measures, such as washing hands, thoroughly cleaning contaminated surfaces, avoiding contact between sick and healthy persons, and requesting caretakers and cleaning staff to wear gloves and aprons (13-16). However, in nursing homes or on cruise ships, norovirus can cause consecutive outbreaks, even after implementation of strict hygiene protocols (9,17,18). No quantitative estimates exist of the results of such enhanced hygiene measures on reducing further transmission of norovirus. To our knowledge, the effect of enhanced hygiene measures has not been investigated in randomized controlled trials or in statistical analyses of outbreaks.We investigated the effect of enhanced hygiene measures on reducing norovirus transmission during an outbreak. We measured the effectiveness of enhanced hygiene measures as the relative reduction in the reproduction number-defi ned as the average number of secondary cases caused by 1 typical case-in the absence of and after enhanced hygiene measures. The value of this reproduction number provides crucial information about transmissio...

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Effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of Norovirus contamination via environmental surfaces

Cited by 342 publications

References 25 publications

Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community

Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community

Fecal Indicator Bacteria Contamination of Fomites and Household Demand for Surface Disinfection Products: A Case Study from Peru

Enhanced Hygiene Measures and Norovirus Transmission during an Outbreak

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