Effects of Cinnamaldehyde, Ocimene, Camphene, Curcumin and Farnesene on <i>Candida albicans</i>

Abstract

Efficacy of five plant molecules against thirty three clinical isolates and two standard strains of C. albicans, differentially susceptible to fluconazole (FLC) is tested in this study. Effect on biofilm (adhesion, development and maturation) formation, morphogenesis and synergy with fluconazole (FLC) against a FLC resistant strain of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 is also evaluated. All the plant molecules tested were equally effective against isolates and strains of C. albicans (N = 35) tested in this study. Cinnamaldehyde was found most effective against planktonic growth followed by ocimene. Both the molecules exhibited fungicidal activity and killed 99.9% of inoculum within 80 and 20 min of exposure respectively at 0.62 mM and 176.8 mM concentrations. Curcumin (5 -20 mM), camphene (8 -32 mM) and farnesene (25 -100 mM), although inhibited planktonic growth, were fungistatic. All the five plant molecules tested in this study inhibited morphogenesis significantly and exhibited considerable activity against biofilm formation. Inhibition of biofilm was found to be stage specific i.e. efficacy was more against adhesion followed by developing and mature biofilm. Plant molecules tested exhibited excellent synergy with fluconazole. However FIC index values 0.155, 0.062 and 0.046 indicate that ocimene was the most effective synergistic molecule inhibited planktonic growth, developing biofilm and mature biofilm growth respectively at very low concentrations. This is the first report of anti-Candida activity of three terpenoids viz. ocimene, farnesene and camphene against planktonic & biofilm growth, morphogenesis as well as synergy with FLC. Plant molecules tested in this study may find use in antifungal chemotherapy individually and or in a combination with FLC.

Effectiveness of five flavored Tunisian olive oils on Anisakis larvae type 1: application of cinnamon and rosemary oil in industrial anchovy marinating process

“…Nevertheless, the volatile profile of ginger essential oil displayed some differences in the chemical composition, especially for limonene, which was not present and was replaced by β ‐phellandrene (Table ). Limonene's efficacy against Anisakis larvae is well known, and camphene has been reported as an antifungal and antitumor compound, and recently as an anisakicidal agent . Finally, 1,8‐cineole (66.0%), linalool (9.7%), β ‐pinene (9.7%), and α ‐pinene (6.9%) were the major compounds of the volatile fraction of olive oil flavored with laurel.…”

“…Finally, the lower effectiveness of GiFO can be related to the low quantity (21.2%) of limonene or camphene (21.9%). Camphene is known for its activity against fungi and plant nematodes; no data have been reported for Anisakis . Anisakicidal activity of Limonene is instead reported by several authors as pure compound and as major constituent of several essential oil…”

“…44,50 Finally, the lower effectiveness of GiFO can be related to the low quantity (21.2%) of limonene or camphene (21.9%). Camphene is known for its activity against fungi and plant nematodes; 45,51 no data have been reported for Anisakis. Anisakicidal activity of Limonene is instead reported by several authors as pure compound and as major constituent of several essential oil 42,52,53 The 3 days necessary to obtain the LT 100 for CiFO correspond to half the time required for the most effective oil (turmeric, LT 100 = 6.0 days) reported in a recent study by Trabelsi et al 14…”

“…Limonene's efficacy against Anisakis larvae is well known, and camphene has been reported as an antifungal and antitumor compound, and recently as an anisakicidal agent. [42][43][44][45] Finally, 1,8-cineole (66.0%), linalool (9.7%), -pinene (9.7%), and -pinene (6.9%) were the major compounds of the volatile fraction of olive oil flavored with laurel. As described in Snoussi et al, 40 1,8-cineole is the main compound in laurel essential oil analysis (Table 2), which is characterized by antibacterial activity.…”

Formulation, stability study and preclinical evaluation of a vaginal cream containing curcumin in a rat model of vulvovaginal candidiasis

“…This compound also showed excellent activity against morphogenesis in C. albicans , which is a strategy that allows these fungi to survive under adverse conditions, facilitating their adhesion, colonisation and invasion of tissues. This is an important aspect with regard to curcumin, as it favours curcumin as an alternative to combat infections with more resistant and virulent strains …”