Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in heavy smokers.

Hellerstein, M. K.; Nl, Benowitz; Neese, Richard A.; Schwartz, Jay; Hoh, Rebecca; Jacob, Peyton; Hsieh, Jui-Chien; Faix, Dennis J.

doi:10.1172/jci116955

Cited by 148 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Smoking-induced effects on cardiac risk and insulin resistance may be mediated by enhanced lipolysis 39 and lipid effects, 40 consistent with the ®nding that increased insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia are still found in smokers compared to controls matched for BMI and WHR. 17,41 The seemingly paradoxical association of a diet high in fat (as previously reported 42 ) with lower body fat is consistent with studies showing increased fat oxidation 17 and energy expenditure 38 during smoking and with weight gain following smoking cessation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Tobacco smoking and oestrogen replacement are associated with lower total and central fat in monozygotic twins

Samaras

Spector

et al. 1998

Int J Obes

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BACKGROUND: The known postmenopausal increase in cardiovascular risk may relate in part to changes in fat distribution. Environmental factors which are known to in¯uence cardiovascular disease risk may do so in part by in¯uencing body fat and its distribution. OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationships between tobacco smoking, oestrogen replacement (ERT) and body fat and its distribution in postmenopausal women, independent of genetic factors, physical activity, diet composition and socioeconomic factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study in normal post menopausal twins. SUBJECTS: 712 postmenopausal female twins (aged 58.7 AE 0.2 y, body mass index (BMI) 24.4 AE 0.1 kgam 2 ). MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometry; body composition and fat distribution by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; physical activity, muscle strength, socioeconomic status, dietary composition and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). RESULTS: In monozygotic pairs discordant for smoking, intrapair differences in total and central fat were greater than that in concordant pairs, with the lower fat mass in the smoking twin. Overall, smokers had a lower weight, BMI, total and central abdominal fat, despite a higher total and saturated dietary fat intake and similar DHEAS levels. The reduction in central fat was not independent of that in total fat. In monozygotic twins discordant for ERT-use the intrapair differences in total and central body fat were signi®cantly greater than in concordant pairs, with the lower fat measure in the ERT-using twin. Overall, current ERT-users had similar body weight, BMI and total fat compared to non-users but had lower central fat. There were no differences in activity levels, diet or socioeconomic factors between ERT-users and non-users. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking and ERT-use are associated with lower total and central fat in monozygotic postmenopausal twins. In current smokers, the lower central adiposity appears related to its in¯uence on total body fat. In ERT-users, lower central fat may contribute to the reduced cardiovascular risk associated with postmenopausal oestrogen use.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Tobacco smoking and oestrogen replacement are associated with lower total and central fat in monozygotic twins

Samaras

Spector

et al. 1998

Int J Obes

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“…Individuals with type 2 diabetes require higher insulin levels to suppress lipolysis (41). Rates of lipolysis were supranormal in our diabetic subjects at baseline compared with nondiabetic subjects studied previously in our laboratory using identical methods (39,42). One possible interpretation of our results is that rates of lipolysis were high enough at baseline that whole-body lipid oxidation was already near maximal and therefore did not increase further in response to caloric deprivation.…”

Section: Mp Christiansen and Associatesmentioning

confidence: 51%

Effect of dietary energy restriction on glucose production and substrate utilization in type 2 diabetes.

et al. 2000

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A total of 8 obese subjects with type 2 diabetes were studied while on a eucaloric diet and after reduced energy intake (25 and then 75% of requirements for 10 days each). Weight loss was 2, 3, and 3 kg after 5, 10, and 20 days, respectively; all of the weight lost was body fat. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels fell from 11.9 ± 1.4 at baseline to 8.9 ± 1.6, 7.9 ± 1.4, and 8.8 ± 1.3 mmol/l at days 5, 10, and 20, respectively (P < 0.05, baseline vs. 5, 10, and 20 days). Endogenous glucose production (EGP) was 22 ± 2, 18 ± 2, 17 ± 2, and 22 ± 2 µmol · kg -1 lean body mass (LBM) · min -1 (P < 0.05, days 5 and 10 vs. baseline). Gluconeogenesis measured by mass isotopomer distribution analysis provided 31 ± 4, 41 ± 5, 40 ± 4, and 33 ± 4%, respectively, of the EGP (NS); absolute glycogenolytic contribution to the EGP was 15 ± 2, 11 ± 2, 11 ± 2, and 15 ± 2 µmol · kg -1 LBM · min -1 , respectively (P < 0.001, baseline vs. days 5 and 10 and day 10 vs. day 20). The blood glucose clearance rate increased significantly at day 20 (P < 0.05). Neither lipolysis nor flux of plasma nonesterified fatty acids were altered compared with baseline. In conclusion, severe energy restriction per se independent of major changes in body composition reduces both FBG concentration and EGP in type 2 diabetes, the reduction in EGP results entirely from a reduction of glycogenolytic input into blood glucose, and the duration of reduced glycogenolysis is short-lived after relaxation of energy restriction even without weight gain, but effects on plasma glucose clearance persist and partially maintain the improvement in fasting glycemia. Diabetes 49:1691-1699, 2000 D ietary restriction of total energy intake has been shown to influence fasting blood glucose (FBG) and endogenous glucose production (EGP) before significant changes in body weight or composition occur (1-3). The changes in FBG and EGP are correlated, and most of the effects are seen within 7-10 days of starting caloric restriction (3,4).The glucose-producing pathways affected by energy restriction remain uncertain. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis both contribute to EGP in the postabsorptive state. In nondiabetic humans and rodents, starvation or carbohydraterestricted diets reduce EGP (5,6); in rats, the change in EGP results entirely from reduced glycogenolytic flux to glucose, not reduced gluconeogenesis input. Some previous studies have suggested that predominantly gluconeogenesis is increased in type 2 diabetes, whereas other results suggest that the primary contribution to EGP is from hepatic glycogenolysis (7-9). FBG could also be reduced by energy restriction if the metabolic clearance of glucose were increased. This could be reflected in either increased oxidative or nonoxidative disposal of glucose under fasting conditions.Our laboratory has previously shown that fractional and absolute gluconeogenesis can be measured in rats and in humans by infusing [2-13 C 1 ]glycerol and [U-13 C 6 ]glucose using mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA) to measure the fractional g...

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“…Using fMRI, they observed increased hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal control regions (that is, DLPFC, lateral OFC and dorsomedial PFC) and reduced activation in the ventral striatum, the medial OFC, the anterior cingulum and the ventral tegmental area during the active regulation of craving for cigarettes and food. However, given that smoking strongly influences appetite and food intake, 10 these results do not necessarily transfer to the regulation of the mere desire for food in general, and to non-smokers in particular.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Neural correlates of the volitional regulation of the desire for food

et al. 2011

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Objective: In this study, we investigate the brain mechanisms of the conscious regulation of the desire for food using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Further, we examine associations between hemodynamic responses and participants' cognitive restraint of eating (CRE), as well as their susceptibility to uncontrolled eating. Subjects: Seventeen non-vegetarian, right-handed, female Caucasian participants (age: 20-30 years, mean 25.3 years±3.1 s.d.; BMI: 20.2-31.2 kg m À2 , mean 25.1 ± 3.5 s.d.). Measurements: During scanning, our participants viewed pictures of food items they had pre-rated according to tastiness and healthiness. Participants were either allowed to admit to the desire for the food (ADMIT) or they were instructed to downregulate their desire using a cognitive reappraisal strategy, that is, thinking of negative long-term health-related and social consequences (REGULATE).Results: Comparing the hemodynamic responses of the REGULATE with the ADMIT condition, we observed robust activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the pre-supplementary motor area, the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the dorsal striatum (DS), the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the anterior insula and the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). Activation in the DLPFC and the DS strongly correlated with the degree of dietary restraint under both conditions. Conclusion: Cortical activation in the DLPFC, the pre-supplementary motor area and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) are known to underpin top-down control, inhibition of learned associations and pre-potent responses. The observed hemodynamic responses in the lateral OFC, the DS, the anterior insula and the TPJ support the notion of reward valuation and integration, interoceptive awareness, and self-reflection as key processes during active regulation of desire for food. In conclusion, an active reappraisal of unhealthy food recruits the brain's valuation system in combination with prefrontal cognitive control areas associated with response inhibition. The correlations between brain responses and CRE suggest that individuals with increased cognitive restraint show an automatic predisposition to regulate the hedonic aspects of food stimuli. This cognitive control might be necessary to counterbalance a lack of homeostatic mechanisms.

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Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in heavy smokers.

Cited by 148 publications

References 51 publications

Tobacco smoking and oestrogen replacement are associated with lower total and central fat in monozygotic twins

Tobacco smoking and oestrogen replacement are associated with lower total and central fat in monozygotic twins

Effect of dietary energy restriction on glucose production and substrate utilization in type 2 diabetes.

Neural correlates of the volitional regulation of the desire for food

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