Effects of chronic and acute stress on rat behaviour in the forced-swim test

Suvrathan, Aparna; Tomar, Anupratap; Chattarji, Sumantra

doi:10.3109/10253890.2010.489978

Cited by 55 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The effect of chronic restraint stress (immobilization for several hours daily in a special restraint chamber for several days) varies possibly due to the influence of hyperlocomotion induced by this type of stressor in the rat [120]: it can decrease immobility (antidepressant-like effect) [95], produce depressive-like behavior in the FST [26,40] or have no significant impact on immobility time [98]. Notably, acute restraint stress produced increased immobility in both weanling [99] and in adult rats [98].…”

Section: Preconditioning and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors influencing behavior in the forced swim test

Bogdanova

Kanekar

D’Anci

et al. 2013

Physiology & Behavior

346

216

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The forced swim test (FST) is a behavioral test in rodents which was developed in 1978 by Porsolt and colleagues as a model for predicting the clinical efficacy of antidepressant drugs. A modified version of the FST added the classification of active behaviors into swimming and climbing, in order to facilitate the differentiation between serotonergic and noradrenergic classes of antidepressant drugs. The FST is now widely used in basic research and the pharmaceutical screening of potential antidepressant treatments. It is also one of the most commonly used tests to assess depressive-like behavior in animal models. Despite the simplicity and sensitivity of the FST procedure, important differences even in baseline immobility rates have been reported between different groups, which complicate the comparison of results across studies. In spite of several methodological papers and reviews published on the FST, the need still exists for clarification of factors which can influence the procedure. While most recent reviews have focused on antidepressant effects observed with the FST, this one considers the methodological aspects of the procedure, aiming to summarize issues beyond antidepressant action in the FST. The previously published literature is analyzed for factors which are known to influence animal behavior in the FST. These include biological factors, such as strain, age, body weight, gender and individual differences between animals; influence of preconditioning before the FST: handling, social isolation or enriched environment, food manipulations, various kinds of stress, endocrine manipulations and surgery; schedule and routes of treatment, dosage and type of the drugs as well as experimental design and laboratory environmental effects. Consideration of these factors in planning experiments may result in more consistent FST results.

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Section: Preconditioning and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, acute restraint stress produced increased immobility in both weanling [99] and in adult rats [98]. …”

Section: Preconditioning and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing behavior in the forced swim test

Bogdanova

Kanekar

D’Anci

et al. 2013

Physiology & Behavior

346

216

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“…We have followed the RIS protocol described by Vyas et al (2003) and recently updated by Suvrathan et al (2010). Briefly, RIS consisted of daily sessions of complete immobilization (15 days, 2 h/day, 10:00-12:00 h) in coneshaped polyethylene bags.…”

Section: Stress Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated Immobilization Stress Increases Nur77 Expression in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis

et al. 2011

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The transcription factor Nur77 has been identified as a neuronal activation marker of stressful stimuli in the central nervous system. Nur77 plays a key role at all levels of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis during the stress response. However, the participation of Nur77 in extra-hypothalamic responses to stress is unknown. In this study, we studied the impact of acute and repeated immobilization stress on Nur77 expression in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), a region involved in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses to stress. After a single session of immobilization stress we observed a significant increase of Nur77-like immunoreactivity in the BNST. This effect is not lost with repeated exposure to stress, since Nur77-like immunoreactivity and Nur77 mRNA in BNST were increased after the fifteenth stress session. The administration of desipramine, a specific inhibitor of noradrenaline reuptake, prevented the increase in Nur77-like immunoreactivity and mRNA induced by stress in rats subjected to repeated exposure to immobilization stress. Our results show that acute and repeated stress modulates Nur77 expression in BNST and suggest that Nur77 participates in extra-hypothalamic responses to stress.

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“…The link between chronic immobilization and depression-like behavior has also been reported in rats and transgenic mouse models (Govindarajan et al, 2006; Suvrathan et al, 2010). Interestingly, we find that prior exposure to chronic stress occludes the effects of CO 2 inhalation, which is manifested as a smaller change in cortical cerebral blood flow compared to unstressed animals (Figure 3B, Supplementary Figure S2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Chronic immobilization stress occludes in vivo cortical activation in an animal model of panic induced by carbon dioxide inhalation

Rahman

Kerskens

Chattarji

et al. 2014

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Breathing high concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) can trigger panic and anxiety in humans. CO2 inhalation has been hypothesized to activate neural systems similar to those underlying fear learning, especially those involving the amygdala. Amygdala activity is also upregulated by stress. Recently, however, a separate pathway has been proposed for interoceptive panic and anxiety signals, as patients exhibited CO2-inhalation induced panic responses despite bilateral lesions of the amygdala. This paradoxical observation has raised the possibility that cortical circuits may underlie these responses. We sought to examine these divergent models by comparing in vivo brain activation in unstressed and chronically-stressed rats breathing CO2. Regional cerebral blood flow measurements using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in lightly-anaesthetized rats showed especially strong activation of the somatosensory cortex by CO2 inhalation in the unstressed group. Strikingly, prior exposure to chronic stress occluded this effect on cortical activity. This lends support to recent clinical observations and highlights the importance of looking beyond the traditional focus on limbic structures, such as the hippocampus and amygdala, to investigate a role for cortical areas in panic and anxiety in humans.

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Effects of chronic and acute stress on rat behaviour in the forced-swim test

Cited by 55 publications

References 37 publications

Factors influencing behavior in the forced swim test

Factors influencing behavior in the forced swim test

Repeated Immobilization Stress Increases Nur77 Expression in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis

Chronic immobilization stress occludes in vivo cortical activation in an animal model of panic induced by carbon dioxide inhalation

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