Effects of childhood trauma on HPA-axis reactivity in women free of lifetime psychopathology

Hair Cortisol as a Biomarker of Traumatization in Healthy Individuals and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Patients

“…Another potential limitation relates to the fact that traumatized control subjects exhibited comparable levels of childhood maltreatment with PTSD patients. Early adverse experiences have been related to HPA axis alterations in healthy individuals [e.g., (51,52)], making a potential influence on HCC findings of traumatized control subjects conceivable. However, no HCC associations with severity of childhood maltreatment were seen and controlling for this variable did not alter the respective results.…”

Biomarkers in burnout: A systematic review

“…For this analysis, Proc Mixed of SAS 9.1.3 for multilevel modeling (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used [9,10]. In order to select an appropriate covariance matrix for this analysis, we inspected correlation matrices of two data sets of the CAR (Klaassens et al [11]; Langelaan et al [12]). On the basis thereof, and as the number of studies was small, compound symmetry covariance matrix was selected.…”

Recurrence of Depression in Relation to History of Childhood Trauma and Hair Cortisol Concentration in a Community-Based Sample

“…Only a limited number of studies investigated abnormalities of HPA axis regulation in subjects with an objective report of childhood trauma showing elevated salivary cortisol levels in children adopted from Romanian orphanages [9], as well as reduced basal and CRH-stimulated HPA axis activity in girls with previously reported sexual abuse [10]. Studies investigating the association between retrospective reports of childhood trauma and HPA axis activity reported increased HPA axis activation during psychosocial stress but lower basal activity in depressed women [11], while others did not detect any difference in basal cortisol secretion in nonclinical groups with versus without a history of childhood trauma [12, 13]. One explanation for such discrepant findings may be related to the use of different specimens to determine basal concentrations of cortisol (e.g., plasma, saliva, urine).…”