Effects of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) on calcium bioavailability and inflammation in Wistar rats

Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) effects and their molecular mechanisms on unbalanced diet experimental studies: A systematic review

“…From 17 included records, only one was conducted with Flanders hybrid rabbits (Sierra, Roco, Alarcon, & Medina, ). The others were conducted with rodents: Wistar rats (Ayerza & Coates, ; Chicco, D'Alessandro, Hein, Oliva, & Lombardo, ; Creus, Benmelej, Villafañe, & Lombardo, ; Creus, Ferreira, Oliva, & Lombardo, ; da Silva et al., ; Fortino, Oliva, Rodriguez, Lombardo, & Chicco, ; Marineli, Moura, et al., ; Marineli, Lenquiste, Moraes, & Maróstica, ; Oliva, Ferreira, Chicco, & Lombardo, ; Poudyal, Panchal, Waanders, Ward, & Brown, ; Poudyal, Panchal, Ward, & Brown, ; Poudyal, Panchal, Ward, Waanders, & Brown, ), C57BL/6 mice (Fonte‐Faria et al., ), Swiss mice (de Miranda et al., ), and SAMR1/SAMP8 mice (Rui, Yang, Chen, Qin, & Wan, ).…”

“…Regarding the used fractions, 11 studies used chia seed and the dose varied between 3% and 41.7%. The lowest dose, 3%, was able to increase the high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c) of the animals (de Miranda et al., ), and the highest dose, 41.7%, was able to increase the antioxidant capacity, decrease the inflammatory markers (cytokines and NF‐κB expression), and decrease cholesterol (da Silva et al., ). The whole seed was offered to animals as flour since particle size acts directly on digestion and metabolic processes (Slavin, ).…”

“…Therefore, chia seed and its compounds present a promising role in energetic metabolism since animals fed unbalanced diets, when fed chia, had AMPK phosphorylation restored as control animals. Besides that, chia modulates other markers, including carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CTP‐1) (Creus et al., ; Fortino et al., ), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1‐alpha (PGC‐1α) and HSP expression (Marineli, Moura, et al., ), signaling improvement in mitochondrial activity pattern, fatty acid oxidation, adipogenesis control, and prevention of the overexpression of inflammatory mediators (Creus et al., ; da Silva et al., ; Musch, Kapil, & Chang, ).…”

“…The consumption of chia improved the lipid profile in animals fed nutritionally inadequate diets (high in simple carbohydrates like sucrose and fructose, high in saturate fat, or both). These results are related to improving plasma cholesterol profile (Creus et al., ; da Silva et al., ; de Miranda et al., ; Fonte‐Faria et al., ; Poudyal et al., ; Sierra et al., ) and decreasing plasma triglycerides (Ayerza & Coates, ; Chicco et al., ; Creus et al., ; Creus et al., ; Fonte‐Faria et al., ; Fortino et al., ; Oliva et al., ; Poudyal, Panchal, Waanders, et al., ; Poudyal et al., ; Sierra et al., ). Additionally, chia seed increased the plasmatic levels of n‐3 and α‐linoleic (n‐6) fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), n‐3/saturated fatty acids, and n‐3/n‐6 ratio (Ayerza & Coates, ; Chicco et al., ; Creus et al., ; Fortino et al., ; Oliva et al., ; Poudyal, Panchal, Waanders, et al., ; Sierra et al., ).…”

“…Moreover, the modulation of glucose metabolism markers by chia seed had impact on lipogenesis, evidenced by the increase of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) (Creus et al., ; da Silva et al., ), improvement in serum lipid profile, reduction of visceral adiposity, and decrease of epididymal adipose tissue weight (Ayerza & Coates, ) (Figure ; Chicco et al., ; Creus et al., ; Creus et al., ; Ferreira et al., ; Fortino et al., ; Oliva et al., ; Sierra et al., ).…”