“…Currently, the most common methods for CWW disposal are: (1) direct discharge into water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, oceans, or into municipal drainage/sewer systems (Prazeres et al, 2012), (2) used as a fertilizer or soil amendment in agriculture (Aboukila et al, 2018), (3) used as a food supplement for fattening animals, and (4) biological pre-treatment prior to end disposals. Consequently, these types of disposal can have several negative effects, such as reducing the quality of water and soils (inducing anoxia, eutrophication, acidification, toxicity, and pH imbalance), affecting metabolic interactions in aquatic and semi-aquatic environments (Tirado et al, 2018;Mostafa-Imeni et al, 2019), increasing contamination of nutrient runoff and groundwater (Ghaly et al, 2007), and generating digestive problems in animals due to an unbalanced diet (Sutera et al, 2023).…”