Effects of Catecholaminergic or Tryptaminergic Agents on the Morphine-Induced Straub Tail Reaction

Straub tail reaction in mice treated with σ1 receptor antagonist in combination with methamphetamine

“…As discussed previously, various monoaminergic mechanisms have been suggested to have roles in opiate-induced STR (Kameyama et al, 1978; Gupta et al, 1988; Zarrindast et al, 2002) or to independently induce STR (Trulson et al, 1976a, b; Pranzatelli et al, 1987; Hasegawa et al, 1990; Zarrindast et al, 1993; Blanchard et al, 1997). For instance, pretreatment of mice with phenoxybenzamine or propranolol (α- and β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, respectively) significantly inhibits, while pretreatment with METH significantly enhances, morphine-induced STR, suggesting an involvement of adrenergic neurotransmission in morphine-induced STR (Kameyama et al, 1978). Clonidine can induce STR (Pranzatelli et al, 1987) and spontaneous STR is observed in norepinephrine transporter knockout (NET KO) mice (observation noted in Hall et al, 2011).…”

“…This phenomenon was first described as a response to opiates in mice (Straub, 1911), and is thought to be mediated by activation of the opioid receptor system because opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone, nalorphine and β-funaltrexamine block the phenomenon (Aceto et al, 1969; Nath et al, 1994; Zarrindast et al, 2001) although κ opioid antagonists have also been shown to reduce morphine-induced STR (Narita et al, 1993). Serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms have also been implicated in opiate-induced STR (Kameyama et al, 1978, 1979; Blumberg and Slovak, 1982; Hasegawa et al, 1990; Zarrindast et al, 2001, 2002). Amphetamine can potentiate morphine-induced STR and this effect is mediated by noradrenergic mechanisms (Blumberg and Slovak, 1982).…”

Selective Endocannabinoid Reuptake Inhibitor WOBE437 Reduces Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

“…WOBE437 was administered to healthy mice to evaluate potential muscle relaxation properties using the well-established Straub tail test, which induces the elevation of the tail (Straub tail reaction) after morphine administration, as consequence of dopamine release in the CNS and the contraction of the sacro-coccygeus dorsalis muscle. , We observed the maximum Straub tail response 15 min after administration of morphine (40 mg/kg, subcutaneous (s.c.)), and it lasted for more than 2 h. The elevation of the tail was evaluated with a 4-points scale score which is based on the angular degree of elevation from normal tail position. Baclofen (5 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min before the test), a GABA B receptor agonist used as muscle relaxant in human medicine, and diazepam (6 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min before the test), a GABA A -positive allosteric modulator approved to treat anxiety in humans with well-documented muscle relaxant properties, were used as positive controls in the Straub tail test.…”

“…For comparison, WIN-55212-2 (3 mg/kg in 20 μL of DMSO) was used as a control for CB1 receptor agonism. The intensity of the tail elevation was evaluated 15, 60, and 120 min after morphine injection, using a previously reported score scale: 0, lower than 30°; 1, 30–45°; 2, 46–90°; 3, higher than 90°; and 4, “S” shaped tail. Notably, there have not been reports of differences in this test when comparing male and female mice …”

Morphine-induced Straub tail reaction as a model of spasticity in mice: effects of serotonergic compounds

“…1) по модифицированной шкале, предложенной T. Kameyama и соавт. [15]. Эта шкала имеет следующие градации: 0 балловменее 30°; 1 балл -30-45°; 2 балла -46-90°; 3 балла -более 90°; 4 балла -S-образный изгиб хвоста, заваленного на спину.…”