Effects of Carprofen and Meloxicam with or without Butorphanol on the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Sevoflurane in Dogs

Yamashita, Kazuto; Okano, Yoshihiko; Yamashita, Masataka; Umar, Mohammed A.; Kushiro, Tokiko; Muir, William W.

doi:10.1292/jvms.70.29

Cited by 28 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In the present study, the sevoflurane MAC determined in the dogs with electrical stimulation was 2.10 ± 0.28%, which is somewhat less than those determined in 6 beagle dogs aged 2 years with a tail clamp method (2.39 ± 0.26%) [28]. Differences in study design, individual animal and age may account for variability in MAC results.…”

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confidence: 70%

“…After the dogs were allowed to equilibrate for 60 min at ETSEV 2.8 to 3.0%, the electrical stimulus was applied for 10 sec using an electrical stimulator (SEN3301, Nihon Kohden Co., Tokyo, Japan). Positive response to the electrical stimulus for MAC determination was fixed a purposeful movement defined as substantial movement of the head or extremities and did not include coughing, chewing, swallowing or increasing respiratory effort [26,28]. Positive response for MAC-BAR determination was fixed an increase of either heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) over 15% above the value recorded at 1 min before applying the electrical stimulus [15].…”

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Minimum Alveolar Concentration for Blunting Adrenergic Responses (MAC-BAR) of Sevoflurane in Dogs

et al. 2012

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ABSTRACT. It is well known that heart rate or arterial blood pressure may increase in response to surgical stimulation despite the absence of a purposeful movement. However, there is limited information regarding anesthetic requirement for blunting adrenergic response in dogs. This study was designed to compare the minimum alveolar concentrations of sevoflurane required to prevent autonomic response (MAC-BAR) and purposeful movement (MAC) in dogs. Sevoflurane MAC-BAR and MAC were determined in 5 beagle dogs by judging dogs' response to a noxious electrical stimulus applied to the gingiva. The sevoflurane MAC-BAR was significantly higher than MAC (3.33 ± 0.48 vs 2.10 ± 0.28%, P=0.005). These results suggested that autonomic responses occurred at sevoflurane anesthetic concentrations at which purposeful movements were absent.

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Minimum Alveolar Concentration for Blunting Adrenergic Responses (MAC-BAR) of Sevoflurane in Dogs

et al. 2012

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“…However, the MAC of an inhalational anesthetic can differ substantially among animals of the same species [34]. Factors affecting variability in MAC include the type of noxious stimulus, subjectivity in interpretation of purposeful movement, differences in the anatomical site of stimulation and differences in physiological variables, such as PaCO 2 , body temperature, arterial blood pressure and age of the test subjects [26, 39, 40]. Variation within this study was minimized by using a one observer (MRS) and maintaining temperature, ETCO 2 and arterial blood pressure within the physiological range.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…If the interaction term was not significant, the main effects of lidocaine and dexmedetomidine was judged to be additive. For all analyses, values of P <0.05 were considered significant [18, 39]. Values are expressed as mean ± SD.…”

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Effects of Lidocaine, Dexmedetomidine or Their Combination on the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Sevoflurane in Dogs

Moran-Muñoz

Ibancovichi-Camarillo

Gutiérrez‐Blanco

et al. 2014

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of lidocaine (LIDO) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) or their combination (LIDO–DEX), administered by constant-rate infusion (CRI), on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in dogs. Seven healthy mongrel dogs were used with a 2-week washout interval between treatments in this study. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen, and MAC of sevoflurane was determined after 90 min equilibration period in the dogs (SEV-MACBASAL). Then, sevoflurane MAC was determined again in the dogs after 45 min equilibration period of one of the following treatments: an intravenous loading dose of lidocaine 2 mg/kg followed by 6 mg/kg/hr CRI (SEV-MACLIDO); an intravenous loading dose of dexmedetomidine 2 µg/kg followed by 2 µg/kg/hr CRI (SEV-MACDEX); or their combination (SEV-MACLIDO-DEX). These SEV-MACs were determined in duplicate. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc Tuckey test when appropriate. The SEV-MACBASAL was 1.82 ± 0.06%, SEV-MACLIDO was 1.38 ± 0.08%, SEV-MACDEX was 1.22 ± 0.10%, and SEV-MACLIDO-DEX was 0.78 ± 0.06%. The CRI administration of lidocaine, dexmedetomidine and their combination produced a significant reduction in the MAC of sevoflurane by 26.1 ± 9.0% (P<0.0001), 43.7 ± 11.8% (P<0.0002) and 54.4 ± 9.8% (P<0.0001), respectively. The MAC reduction was significantly greater after the CRI combination of lidocaine and dexmedetomidine when compared with lidocaine CRI (P<0.0001) or dexmedetomidine CRI treatments (P<0.025).

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“…The MAC of sevoflurane was determined by use of the tail clamp method [5], with minor modifications [32]. After the dogs were allowed to equilibrate for 30 min at ETSEV 2.4%, a standard Backhaus towel clamp was placed around the tail and closed to the third ratchet.…”

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Effect of Age on Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) of Sevoflurane in Dogs

Yamashita

Iwasaki

Umar

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. It is well known that the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhalation anesthetic decreases with increasing age. However, there is limited information regarding the effect of age on MAC in dogs. This study was designed to determine the effect of age on sevoflurane MAC in dogs. MAC was determined in 6 young (2 years old) and 6 old beagle dogs (8 to 10 years old) under artificial ventilation. Anesthesia was induced via mask induction and maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen, and MAC was determined by using a tail clamp method. The sevoflurane MAC for the older dogs was significantly less than that for the younger dogs (1.86  0.29% vs 2.25  0.15%, P=0.007). The MAC of sevoflurane is profoundly affected by age in dogs.KEY WORDS: aging, anesthesia and analgesia, canine, minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), sevoflurane.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71(11): 1509-1512, 2009 Sevoflurane is a volatile anesthetic agent with a relatively low blood/gas solubility coefficient resulting in rapid induction and recovery from anesthesia [28]. During the last decade, clinical use of sevoflurane has been spreading in veterinary species such as horses [3,14,24,31], cats [15] and dogs [1,2]. Sevoflurane is minimally metabolized and easily cleared in animals; however, it should be remembered that sevoflurane causes dose-dependent hypotension, hypoventilation, impaired cardiac contractility and hypothermia [21]. Because of these side effects, sevoflurane must be carefully titrated, and vigilant monitoring should be employed to avoid excessive anesthetic depth.MAC has been defined as "the minimum alveolar concentration of anesthetic at 1 atmosphere that produces immobility in 50% of those animals exposed to a noxious stimulus" [5]. It has long been known that MAC decreases with age in humans [8,20,22,26,29]. In human medicine, anesthetists can rapidly determine the depth of anesthesia in age-corrected MAC units for volatile anesthetics by using a normogram to estimate age-related MAC [16] and agerelated iso-MAC charts [23]. In the recent practice of veterinary anesthesia, geriatric animals have become a significant proportion of the patient population. Attention to the unique physiology and particular requirements of individuals within this age group will contribute to the provision of safe and effective anesthesia [9,19]. Veterinary practitioners believe that geriatric animals require a lower concentration of inhalation anesthetic to maintain anesthesia based on clinical experience. To the best of our knowledge, however, there are few reports on the relationship of MAC to age in veterinary species [11,17]. Furthermore, the relationship of sevoflurane MAC to age has not been evaluated in dogs. The purpose of the study reported here was to determine the effect of age on sevoflurane MAC in dogs. The authors hypothesized that the sevoflurane MAC value would be inversely related to age in this species.Six young beagles, 2 years of age (all male) and weighing from 9.7 to 11.8 kg (10.8  0.9 kg of mean  SD), and six old beagles, 8 to...

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Effects of Carprofen and Meloxicam with or without Butorphanol on the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Sevoflurane in Dogs

Cited by 28 publications

References 36 publications

Minimum Alveolar Concentration for Blunting Adrenergic Responses (MAC-BAR) of Sevoflurane in Dogs

Minimum Alveolar Concentration for Blunting Adrenergic Responses (MAC-BAR) of Sevoflurane in Dogs

Effects of Lidocaine, Dexmedetomidine or Their Combination on the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Sevoflurane in Dogs

Effect of Age on Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) of Sevoflurane in Dogs

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