Effects of carbon in negative plates on cycle-life performance of valve-regulated lead/acid batteries

Shiomi, Masaaki; Funato, Takayuki; Nakamura, Kenji; Takahashi, Katsuhiro; Tsubota, Masaharu

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(96)02515-3

Cited by 147 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…[11][12][13][14][15][16] Moreover, the function of suitable additive to the active material is to enhance the electrical conductivity and chemical stability.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Percolation Network Enhanced the Performance of Negative Electrode for Lead-Acid Battery

Saravanan

Sennu

Ganesan

et al. 2012

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The discharge performance of lead-acid battery is improved by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an alternate conductive additive in Negative Active Mass (NAM). We report that MWCNTs added to the negative electrode, exhibits high capacity, excellent cycling performances at 10-h rate, high rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC) cycling and various rates of discharge. It significantly reduces the irreversible lead sulfate on the NAM, increases the active material utilization and improves the electrode performance. The improvement of capacity and cyclic performance of the cell is attributed to the nanoscale dimension of the MWCNTs as additive. Subsequent characterization using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to understand the influence of MWCNTs on the negative electrode of lead-acid battery.

show abstract

“…[11][12][13][14][15][16] Moreover, the function of suitable additive to the active material is to enhance the electrical conductivity and chemical stability.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Percolation Network Enhanced the Performance of Negative Electrode for Lead-Acid Battery

Saravanan

Sennu

Ganesan

et al. 2012

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Looking first to the work of Shiomi, et al 2 where the beneficial effect of carbon added to the NAM was first reported, it was proposed that carbon forms a conductive network between PbSO 4 crystals, leading to an enhancement in the rechargability of the negative plate. Ohmae, et al expressed a similar view, in that a highly conductive carbon was a necessary addition to the NAM in order to retard the sulfation process.…”

Section: Fy11 Quarter 1 Project Status Summary Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the function and performance of carbon-enhanced lead-acid batteries : milestone report for the DOE Energy Storage Systems program (FY11 Quarter 1: October through December 2010).

Ferreira¹,

Rodney²,

Enos³

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…[6][7][8][9][10] Adding carbon to the negative plate inhibits PbSO 4 crystal formation and/or limits PbSO 4 crystal growth. [11][12][13] The underlying mechanism responsible for reducing PbSO 4 formation/accumulation is dependent on the size of the PbSO 4 crystallites. Controlling PbSO 4 microstructure has been found to be difficult while maintaining low cost.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7,[9][10][11]13,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Researchers have hypothesized that carbon contributes in one or more different aspects of battery performance. Chemical reactivity and surface area are important if the material is electrochemically active.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Function and Performance of Carbon Additives in Lead-Acid Batteries

Enos

Ferreira

Barkholtz

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

While the low cost and strong safety record of lead-acid batteries make them an appealing option compared to lithium-ion technologies for stationary storage, they can be rapidly degraded by the extended periods of high rate, partial state-of-charge operation required in such applications. Degradation occurs primarily through a process called hard sulfation, where large PbSO 4 crystals are formed on the negative battery plates, hindering charge acceptance and reducing battery capacity. Various researchers have found that the addition of some forms of excess carbon to the negative active mass in lead-acid batteries can mitigate hard sulfation, but the mechanism through which this is accomplished is unclear. In this work, the effect of carbon composition and morphology was explored by characterizing four discrete types of carbon additives, then evaluating their effect when added to the negative electrodes within a traditional valve-regulated lead-acid battery design. The cycle life for the carbon modified cells was significantly larger than an unmodified control, with cells containing a mixture of graphitic carbon and carbon black yielding the greatest improvement. The carbons also impacted other electrochemical aspects of the battery (e.g., float current, capacity, etc.) as well as physical characteristics of the negative active mass, such as the specific surface area. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are a mature rechargeable energy storage technology. Low initial cost, well-established manufacturing base, proven safety record, and exceptional recycling efficiency make VRLA batteries a popular choice for emerging energy storage needs.1,2 VRLA batteries are employed in stationary storage applications such as: utility ancillary regulation services, wind farm energy smoothing, and solar photovoltaic energy smoothing.3 Stationary applications may require short duration, high-rate, and partial state-of-charge cycling (HRPSoC). 4 Under HRPSoC duty, conventional VRLA cells fail prematurely from irreversible PbSO 4 formation within the negative plates.5 Regular cycling to 100% state-of-charge (SoC) mitigates PbSO 4 crystal formation and growth. However, regularly cycling to 100% SoC is not viable for many stationary storage applications. Large PbSO 4 crystals are not easily reduced back to metallic lead during HRPSoC charging, reducing cycle life. Reduced cycle life of VRLA batteries increases the operating cost, thereby limiting their practicality for stationary applications.VRLA battery HRPSoC cycle life can be increased with carbon modification of the negative active material (NAM).6-10 Adding carbon to the negative plate inhibits PbSO 4 crystal formation and/or limits PbSO 4 crystal growth.11-13 The underlying mechanism responsible for reducing PbSO 4 formation/accumulation is dependent on the size of the PbSO 4 crystallites. Controlling PbSO 4 microstructure has been found to be difficult while maintaining low cost. Other methods exist to limit PbSO 4 crystal size; including utilization of a carbon honeyco...

show abstract

Effects of carbon in negative plates on cycle-life performance of valve-regulated lead/acid batteries

Cited by 147 publications

References 3 publications

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Percolation Network Enhanced the Performance of Negative Electrode for Lead-Acid Battery

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Percolation Network Enhanced the Performance of Negative Electrode for Lead-Acid Battery

Understanding the function and performance of carbon-enhanced lead-acid batteries : milestone report for the DOE Energy Storage Systems program (FY11 Quarter 1: October through December 2010).

Understanding Function and Performance of Carbon Additives in Lead-Acid Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About