Effects of caloric and nutrient content of oral fluids on gastric emptying in volunteers: a randomised crossover study

Preoperative fasting and the risk of pulmonary aspiration—a narrative review of historical concepts, physiological effects, and new perspectives

“…Secondly, the higher the energy density of the liquid, the slower the gastric emptying. 16 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 Receptors in the small intestine regulate gastric emptying to about 200 kcal per hour to prevent the intestine from receiving more nutrients than it can absorb. 14 , 17 Therefore, liquid gastric emptying depends mainly on the total caloric content.…”

“…For high-calorie non-clear liquids, calorie and nutrient content affect gastric emptying times. 25 The stomach empties carbohydrates faster than proteins, and fat stays in the stomach the longest. 27 Analysis of the area under the curve of the gastric content volume–time profile, which may be a more sensitive measure of gastric emptying kinetics, shows that the area under the curve is greater for a high-fat drink than for an isocaloric high-carbohydrate drink.…”

“…27 Analysis of the area under the curve of the gastric content volume–time profile, which may be a more sensitive measure of gastric emptying kinetics, shows that the area under the curve is greater for a high-fat drink than for an isocaloric high-carbohydrate drink. 25 …”