Effects of calcium salts of palm fatty acids on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis and meta-regression

Abstract

Our primary objective was to perform a meta-analysis and meta-regression to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPF) compared with nonfat supplemented control diets (CON) on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows. Our secondary objective was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate whether experimental design affects production responses to supplemental CSPF. The data set was formed from 33 peer-reviewed publications with CSPF supplemented at ≤3% diet dry matter. We analyzed the interaction between experimental design (continuous vs. change-over) and treatments (CON vs. CSPF) to evaluate whether experimental design affects responses to CSPF (Meta.1). Regardless of experimental design, we evaluated the effects of CSPF compared with CON on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows by meta-analysis (Meta.2) and meta-regression (Meta.3) approaches. In Meta.1, there was no interaction between treatments and experimental design for any variable. In Meta.2, compared with CON, CSPF reduced dry matter intake [DMI, 0.56 ± 0.21 kg/d (±SE)] and milk protein content (0.05 ± 0.02 g/100 g), increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (1.60 ± 0.57 percentage units), the yields of milk (1.53 ± 0.56 kg/d), milk fat (0.04 ± 0.02 kg/d), and 3.5% fat corrected milk (FCM, 1.28 ± 0.60 kg/d), and improved feed efficiency [energy corrected milk (ECM)/DMI, 0.08 kg/kg ± 0.03]. There was no effect of treatment for milk protein yield, milk fat content, body weight, body weight change, or body condition score. Compared with CON, CSPF reduced the yield of de novo milk fatty acids (FA) and increased the yields of mixed and preformed milk FA. In Meta.3, we observed that each 1-percentage-unit increase of CSPF in diet dry matter reduced DMI, increased NDF digestibility, tended to increase FA digestibility, increased the yields of milk, milk fat, and 3.5% FCM, reduced the content of milk protein, reduced the yield of de novo milk FA, and increased the yields of mixed and preformed milk FA. In conclusion, our results indicate no reason for the restrictive use of change-over designs in CSPF supplementation studies or meta-analysis. Feeding CSPF increased NDF digestibility, tended to increase FA digestibility, and increased the yields of milk, milk fat, and 3.5% FCM. Additionally, CSPF increased milk fat yield by increasing the yields of mixed and preformed milk FA.

Abomasal infusion of different exogenous emulsifiers alters fatty acid digestibility and milk fat yield of lactating dairy cows

“…Thus, de novo FA are predominantly incorporated at sn-3 only after a large part of 16-and 18-carbon FA have been added at sn-1 and sn-2 (Jensen, 2002;Glasser et al, 2008;Månsson, 2008). A substitution effect of de novo by preformed FA is also a very common observation in FA-supplemented diets (Glasser et al, 2008;He et al, 2012;dos Santos Neto et al, 2021b). The interactions between FA-supplemented diets and exogenous emulsifiers on milk FA sources requires further research.…”

“…Although the role of the polyethoxylated sorbitan itself is not clear, the predominant FA present in both T40 and T60 are SFA, and supplemental SFA do not generally affect DMI (dos Santos Neto et al, 2021a). The reduction of DMI due to FA supplementation is mainly associated with the action of UFA (dos Santos Neto et al, 2021b), which stimulate the secretion of gut hormones related to satiety (Allen, 2000;Relling and Reynolds, 2007;Bradford et al, 2008). This effect, however, seems to be dose-related, as abomasally infusing 45 g/d of polysorbate-C18:1 tended to decrease DMI, but 30 g/d had no effect (de Souza et al, 2020).…”

Relationships between dietary rumen-protected lysine and methionine with the lactational performance of dairy cows — A meta-analysis

“…A webplotdigitizer (https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer/) [68] was employed to generate graphical data. A 3.5% fat-corrected milk (3.5% FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) were calculated from the milk yield and milk component data [69] as follows: All the quantitative data were standardized into similar measurement units within the studies. The inclusion levels of RPL and RPLM (g/d) were provided as intestinally available Lys and Met.…”

The Impact of Fetal Programming in Ewe Nutrition with Chromium Propionate or Calcium Salts of Palm Oil on the Meat Quality and Bone of the Progeny

“…Corn starch is the most common feed used for energy supplementation in ruminants [8]. However, the use of rumen-protected fat in nutrition should increase the energetic support of the diet, increase milk production [9], reduce the risk of ruminal acidosis because of excess starch, and reduce the negative energy balance at the end of pregnancy and early lactation, avoiding metabolic problems such as toxemia (Simões et al, 2021).…”