Effects of caffeine or diphenhydramine on visual vigilance

Fine, Bernard J.; Kobrick, John L.; Lieberman, Harris R.; Marlowe, Brent; Riley, Robert H.; Tharion, William J.

doi:10.1007/bf02244842

Cited by 107 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In addition to exercise, caffeine is suggested to have positive effects on multiple aspects of cognition including vigilance, mental alertness, reaction time, visual selective attention, task switching, conflict monitoring and response inhibition [6]- [8]. Caffeine is thought to cause these improvements by antagonizing adenosine receptors; it blocks the action of this inhibitory neurotransmitter by directly acting on both pre-and postsynaptic receptors [8].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 44%

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The Influence of Exercise and Caffeine on Cognitive Function in College Students

Shulder¹,

Hall²,

Miller³

2016

Health

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Exercise has widely been shown to improve cognition, potentially by making individuals more receptive to sensory stimulation or inhibiting irrelevant information. Caffeine, one of the world's most widely used stimulants, seems to have similar effects. It seems that both exercise and caffeine improve cognitive function separately, but little research has been done examining their combined effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of caffeine and exercise, independently and combined, on cognitive function. 20 healthy college students completed the study. These participants were low caffeine consumers. Each participant came to the lab 5 times. During the first session, they completed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine ventilatory threshold (VT). The following four sessions were test sessions involving supplementation and exercise. During these, each participant engaged in 30 minutes of cycling (at 90% VT) or 30 minutes of quiet reading after consuming either caffeine (at 4 mg/kg body weight) or a placebo. The Contingent Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task were used to measure cognitive function and were completed 5 minutes and 20 minutes after exercise or quiet reading. There were no significant differences found for any variables tested, for condition effect, time effect or condition * time interaction, except for a significant time effect on false alarms on the Contingent CPT (p = 0.017). This study may have been limited by multiple variables including the population, executive function measures, caffeine dosage, or exercise prescription. These findings point to the need for future research to understand the changes in cognition from exercise and caffeine in combination. Future research may include looking at exercise at different intensities, different dosages of caffeine, or looking at the long-term cognitive effects.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 44%

“…Caffeine is thought to cause these improvements by antagonizing adenosine receptors; it blocks the action of this inhibitory neurotransmitter by directly acting on both pre-and postsynaptic receptors [8]. Caffeine antagonizes the adenosine receptors in dopamine-rich brain areas, resulting in increased wakefulness and motor activity.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 38%

The Influence of Exercise and Caffeine on Cognitive Function in College Students

Shulder¹,

Hall²,

Miller³

2016

Health

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“…At the dose level employed in the current study, alcohol did not significantly reduce accuracy but it did have complex effects on response speed, slowing responses to stimuli in the low load task and speeding them in the high load task. Relatively subtle effects of low doses of alcohol on performance were also found in a prior study that utilized the same tasks employed here .The antihistamine diphenhydramine has been noted to produce subjective sedation and to impair cognitive function, particularly in tasks that require sustained attention and speeded visual-motor responses (Fine et al 1994a;Gengo et al 1989;Gengo et al 1990;Kay et al 1997;Moskowitz and Burns 1988;Rice and Snyder 1993;Witek et al 1995). In the current study we found that responses were significantly slower and less accurate following ingestion of diphenhydramine relative to the other test conditions.…”

supporting

confidence: 42%

“…In the current study we found that responses were significantly slower and less accurate following ingestion of diphenhydramine relative to the other test conditions. Similar effects have been observed in prior studies that have examined performance following diphenhydramine administration in subject populations and under dosing ranges and procedural conditions approximating those in the current study (Fine et al 1994b;Oken et al 1995;Rice and Snyder 1993;Tharion et al 1994). Of particular interest is the observation that the behavioral impairment produced by 50 mg of diphenhydramine was substantially greater than the behavioral change observed following a dose of alcohol adequate to raise blood alcohol to the Figure 7.…”

Section: Changes In Task Performance Following Treatment With Caffeinmentioning

confidence: 40%

“…The antihistamine diphenhydramine has been noted to produce subjective sedation and to impair cognitive function, particularly in tasks that require sustained attention and speeded visual-motor responses (Fine et al 1994a;Gengo et al 1989;Gengo et al 1990;Kay et al 1997;Moskowitz and Burns 1988;Rice and Snyder 1993;Witek et al 1995). In the current study we found that responses were significantly slower and less accurate following ingestion of diphenhydramine relative to the other test conditions.…”

Section: Changes In Task Performance Following Treatment With Caffeinmentioning

confidence: 45%

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Tracking the Cognitive Pharmacodynamics of Psychoactive Substances with Combinations of Behavioral and Neurophysiological Measures

Gevins

Smith

McEvoy

2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

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Many common pharmacological treatments have effects on cognitive ability. Psychometric task batteries used to characterize such effects do not provide direct information about treatment-related changes in brain function. Since overt task performance reflects motivation and effort as well as ability, behavioral measures alone may overestimate or underestimate the impact of a pharmacological intervention on brain function. Here we present a method that combines behavioral and neurophysiological measures in an attemptMany medications affect performance, attention, and alertness. The most common such side effect is sedation (Ramaekers 1998). Patients complain of somnolence, drowsiness, inability to concentrate, and diminished energy. On testing they tend to demonstrate diminished speed and accuracy of psychomotor and cognitive performance (Ramaekers 1998). Psychoactive medications may also impair memory, attention, and concentration in the absence of sedative effects. There is a growing literature on the cognitive side effects of treatments for many types of disorders. For example, recent articles have described acute cognitive impairments associated with interferon-␣ treatment (Valentine et al. 1998), chemotherapy (van Dam et al. 1998, antianxiety treatments (Sumner 1998), and treatment for allergies (Fireman 1997).A major problem in determining whether and to what extent drugs produce cognitive effects is that there are no standard effective means for objectively assessing cognitive impairments associated with pharmacological treatments. This lack of a clinical standard has 26 , NO . 1 been cited as a major confounding factor in the discrepancies between the results of different clinical trials (Vermeulen and Aldenkamp 1995). In most cases performance on an ad hoc battery of rating scales and behavioral tests of cognitive and psychomotor functions is employed. Such tests likely vary widely in their sensitivity. A subtler problem with this approach is the fact that behavior is the end product of many neural systems, some of which may be recruited or adapted in some way to compensate for deficits. That is, an individual might be able to temporarily mobilize the necessary mental resources to perform a cognitive test even when mildly debilitated but not be able to maintain such extra effort over the course of a workday. Conversely, a low level of test performance may reflect motivational rather than ability factors. Hence, in isolation, behavior may not provide an accurate picture of the effects of a medication on cognitive brain function.Electroencephalogram (EEG) data can provide assessments of cognitive changes that complement the information provided by self-report and behavioral measures. When other factors are held constant, EEG signals tend to have high test-retest reliability (McEvoy et al., 2000;Salinsky et al. 1991). Despite this stability under normal conditions, EEG signals can be very sensitive to variations in alertness (Broughton 1982;Gevins et al. 1977;Makeig and Jung 1995;Matousek and Petersen 1983...

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Interrelations between plasma caffeine concentrations and neurobehavioural effects in healthy volunteers: model analysis using NONMEM

Seng

Teo

Fun

et al. 2010

Biopharm & Drug Disp

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The objective was to develop a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of caffeine's psychomotor effects in healthy, non-habitual users of caffeine. Twenty Chinese males each received a single dose of 250 mg of caffeine orally. Plasma concentrations of caffeine were determined at various times within 24 h after dosing. The subjects' psychomotor performance was evaluated before and at various times after dosing by a test battery consisting of oculomotor assessment (saccadic velocity) as well as the computerised Swedish Performance Evaluation System. Nonlinear mixed-effects modelling to analyse the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships was performed using NONMEM. Model robustness was assessed by a nonparametric bootstrap. The results showed that caffeine caused significant improvements in psychomotor functioning. The time course of these effects was best described by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models involving an effect compartment. The transfer half-lives between plasma and effect site for different domains of psychomotor functioning were in the range 24.8-49.5 min. Evaluation of the final models showed close agreement between pairs of bootstrapped and final model parameter estimates (all differences<10%). These results provided the first suggestive evidence that caffeine effects on psychomotor performance occur after some time delay relative to changes in plasma caffeine concentration. The models for the neurobehavioural tests provided similar transfer half-lives between plasma and effect site.

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Effects of caffeine or diphenhydramine on visual vigilance

Cited by 107 publications

References 25 publications

The Influence of Exercise and Caffeine on Cognitive Function in College Students

The Influence of Exercise and Caffeine on Cognitive Function in College Students

Tracking the Cognitive Pharmacodynamics of Psychoactive Substances with Combinations of Behavioral and Neurophysiological Measures

Interrelations between plasma caffeine concentrations and neurobehavioural effects in healthy volunteers: model analysis using NONMEM

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