Effects of caffeine ingestion on endurance racing in heat and humidity

Cohen, Barry S.; Nelson, Arnold G.; Prevost, Michael C.; Thompson, Gerald D.; Marx, Brian D.; Morris, Gareth

doi:10.1007/bf02425499

Cited by 62 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Moreover, the effect of caffeine supplementation on time-trial performance adds to the considerable body of previous research supporting a positive effect of caffeine on endurance exercise (10,20). Although research into the effects of caffeine on time-trial performance, particularly in well-trained athletes, is less substantive; it generally, but not always (14,22) corroborates the results of the present study (8,9,32,39,42).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effects of Dietary Nitrate, Caffeine, and Their Combination on 20-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

Glaister

Pattison

Muniz‐Pumares

et al. 2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The aim of this study was to examine the acute supplementation effects of dietary nitrate, caffeine, and their combination on 20 km cycling time-trial performance. Using a randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind, Latin-square design, 14 competitive, female cyclists (age: 31  7 years; height: 1.69  0.07 m; body mass: 61.6  6.0 kg) completed four 20 km time-trials on a racing bicycle fitted to a turbo-trainer. 2.5 hours before each trial, subjects consumed a 70 ml dose of concentrated beetroot juice containing either 0.45 g of dietary nitrate, or with the nitrate content removed (placebo). 1 hour before each trial, subjects consumed a capsule containing either 5 mgkg There were no effects (p ≥ 0.05) of supplementation on cycling cadence, ratings of perceived exertion, V O 2 , or integrated electromyographic activity. The results of this study support the well-established beneficial effects of caffeine supplementation on endurance performance. In contrast, acute supplementation with dietary nitrate appears to have no effect on endurance performance and adds nothing to the benefits afforded by caffeine supplementation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effects of Dietary Nitrate, Caffeine, and Their Combination on 20-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

Glaister

Pattison

Muniz‐Pumares

et al. 2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…The mean age of participants and their VO 2max were 27.7 ± 5.1 years and 58.3 ± 8.0 ml·kg −1 ·min −1 respectively across all studies. One study did not report the age of participants [46], and 10 studies did not report VO 2max or VO 2peak values of participants [38,41,43,46,48,50,51,73,77,80].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correction to: The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2018

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Introduction Caffeine is a widely used ergogenic aid with most research suggesting it confers the greatest effects during endurance activities. Despite the growing body of literature around the use of caffeine as an ergogenic aid, there are few recent meta-analyses which quantitatively assess the effect of caffeine on endurance exercise. Objectives To summarise studies which have investigated the ergogenic effects of caffeine on endurance time-trial performance and to quantitatively analyse the results of these studies to gain a better understanding of the magnitude of caffeine's ergogenic effect on endurance time-trial performance. Methods A systematic review was carried out on randomised placebo-controlled studies investigating the effects of caffeine on endurance performance and a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance time-trial performance. Results 44 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Caffeine has a small but evident effect on endurance performance when taken in moderate doses (3-6 mg·kg −1 ) as well as an overall improvement following caffeine compared to placebo in mean power output (2.92 ± 2.18%; Effect Size = 0.22 ± 0.15) and time-trial completion time (2.26 ± 2.60%; Effect Size = 0.28 ± 0.12). However, differences in responses to caffeine ingestion have been shown, with two studies reporting slower time-trial performance while five studies reported lower mean power output during the timetrial. Caffeine can be used effectively as an ergogenic aid when taken in moderate doses, such as during sports when a small increase in endurance performance can lead to significant differences in placements as athletes are often separated by small margins.

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“…Thirty-three peer-reviewed research articles met the inclusion criteria (Alves et al, 1995;Bell, Jacobs, & Zamecnik, 1998;Berglund & Hemmingsson, 1982;Bridge & Jones, 2006;Butts & Crowell, 1985;Cadarette, Levine, Berube, Posner, & Evans, 1983;Cha et al, 2001;Cohen et al, 1996;Collomp et al, 2002;Conway, Orr, & Stannard, 2003;Costill et al, 1978;Denadai & Denadai, 1998;French et al, 1991;Fulco et al, 1994;Graham, Hibbert, & Sathasivam, 1998;Graham & Spriet, 1991;Greer, Hudson, Ross, & Graham, 2001;Ivy et al, 1979;Jenkins, Trilk, Singhal, O'Conner, & Cureton, 2008;Lindinger, Graham, & Spriet, 1993;MacIntosh & Wright, 1995;McLellan, Bell, & Kamimori, 2004;McNaughton et al, 2008;Norager, Jensen, Madsen, & Laurberg, 2005;Pasman et al, 1995;Powers, Byrd, Tulley, & Callendar, 1983;Sasaki et al, 1987;Slivka et al, 2008;Spriet et al, 1992;Trice & Haymes, 1995;Van Soeren & Graham, 1998; Table 3). Three research articles Berglund & Hemmingsson, 1982;Butts & Crowell, 1985) reported Note.…”

Section: Study Characteristics For Caf Versus Placebo Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Caffeine Added to Carbohydrate Provide Additional Ergogenic Benefit for Endurance?

Conger¹,

Warren²,

Hardy³

et al. 2011

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Context: Carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) both improve endurance performance. Purpose: To determine by systematic literature review coupled with meta-analysis whether CAF ingested with CHO (CHO+CAF) improves endurance performance more than CHO alone. Methods: Databases were searched using the keywords caffeine, endurance, exercise, carbohydrate, and performance. Criteria for inclusion were studies that used human subjects performing an endurance-exercise performance task and included both a CHO and CHO+CAF condition. Effect sizes (ESs) were calculated as the standardized mean difference. Results: Twenty-one studies met the criteria for analysis. ESs for individual studies ranged from -0.08 (trivial effect favoring CHO) to 1.01 (large effect favoring CHO+CAF). The overall ES equaled 0.26 (95% CI 0.15-0.38, p < .001), indicating that CHO+CAF provides a small but significant performance benefit over CHO. ES was not significantly (p > .05) related to CAF dose, exercise duration, or performance-assessment method. To determine whether ES of CHO+CAF vs. CHO was different than CAF compared with water (placebo), a subgroup meta-analysis compared 36 CAF vs. placebo studies against the 21 CHO+CAF vs. CHO studies. The overall ES for the former group of studies (ES = 0.51, 95% CI 0.40-0.61) was nearly 2-fold greater than in CHO+CAF vs. CHO studies (p = .006). Conclusions: CHO+CAF ingestion provides a significant but small effect to improve endurance performance compared with CHO alone. However, the magnitude of the performance benefit that CAF provides is less when added to CHO than when added to placebo.

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Effects of caffeine ingestion on endurance racing in heat and humidity

Cited by 62 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of Dietary Nitrate, Caffeine, and Their Combination on 20-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

Effects of Dietary Nitrate, Caffeine, and Their Combination on 20-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

Correction to: The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Does Caffeine Added to Carbohydrate Provide Additional Ergogenic Benefit for Endurance?

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