Effects of cadmium stress on the morphology, physiology, cellular ultrastructure, and BvHIPP24 gene expression of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Responses of Spring Barley to Zn- and Cd-Induced Stress: Morphometric Analysis and Cytotoxicity Assay

“…The structural disorganization of the chloroplast apparatus in sub-cellular tissues of H. vulgare induced by Cd and Zn, a rise in the plastoglobuli amount, and other intercellular changes in the leaf chlorenchyma due to Zn-induced oxidative stress were found. Damages in nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts of Beta vulgaris were induced by Cd stress [ 65 ]. However, excess Zn 2+ input reduced Cd 2+ toxicity in Salvia sclarea L. and helped to restore chloroplast ultrastructural organization [ 44 ].…”

Silicon nanoparticles vs trace elements toxicity: Modus operandi and its omics bases

“…Cd has been reported to alter the structure and activity of RuBisCO by substituting Mg ++ ions, which are needed as a cofactor of carboxylation reactions ( Ashfaque et al., 2016 ). At the cellular level, these TEs cause configurational changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplast, and mitochondria and increase nucleus size and cellular vacuolisation ( Małkowski et al., 2019 ; Sperdouli et al., 2022 ; Liu et al., 2023 ). A rise in oxidative stress linked with excessive accumulation of TE ions is strongly considered the first symptom of TE-induced toxicity ( Rodríguez-Serrano et al., 2009 ; Sharma and Dietz, 2009 ; Ghori et al., 2019 ; Gupta et al., 2019 ; Ma et al., 2022 ).…”

The Alleviation of Metal Stress Nuisance for Plants—A Review of Promising Solutions in the Face of Environmental Challenges

“…Cell redox homeostasis is kept by a synchronous action of various enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POD; such as guaiacol peroxidase, GPOX, glutathione peroxidase, GPX, and ascorbate peroxidase, APX), glutathione S -transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), carotenoids (CAR), α-tocopherols, phenolics, and amino acids such as proline [ 4 ]. Although oxidative stress as a reaction to metals is one of the most studied issues recently [ 3 , 5 , 38 , 39 ], ROS transformation pathways, as a basis of adaptation to their excess amounts, have not been frequently compared between the representatives of different species sharing the same ecological niches or described for ecotypes of the same species representing different habitats. In this regard, our previous studies on serpentine and calamine ecotypes of Silene vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae) and the calamine ecotype of Alyssum montanum (Brassicaceae) have shown both species- and ecotype-dependent features [ 14 , 18 , 19 , 36 , 40 , 41 ].…”

“…Moreover, the effect of each stress factor depends on its intensity and the exposure time of the plants. Despite the impact of such a wide variety of stressors, plant exposure to any of them has one similar outcome, namely the overgeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are responsible for oxidative damage of cellular components such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and other metabolites [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Therefore, as shown in Figure 1 , oxidative stress is a secondary but common reaction of plants subjected to various factors which, by interacting with each other, contribute to disturbances in the optimal growth and development of plants, finally leading to a considerable reduction in their productivity and yield [ 6 , 7 ].…”

“…In the concentrations exceeding the maximum tolerable amount, they cause disturbances in the ultrastructure of cells and affect physiological and biochemical processes such as the biosynthesis of chlorophylls, photosynthetic capacity, transpiration, nutrient and water uptake, and the activity of enzymes involved in various metabolic pathways, as well as lead to increased ROS formation by direct involvement in redox reactions (in the case of highly reactive metals) or indirectly through depletion of antioxidant pools [ 5 , 9 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. All these cellular effects result in morphological changes, such as shortening of shoots and roots, necrotic and chlorotic stains, decreases in leaf number and size, and premature aging [ 5 , 18 , 19 ]. As a consequence, it leads to limiting the productivity of agricultural crops [ 20 ].…”