Effects of Brown Heroin and Tramadol Dependency on Reproductive Axis in Adult Male Albino Rats

Abstract

Objective: Drugs addiction is considered a general major problem all over the world causing massive detrimental effects for the addict, communities and governments. The study was designed to assess the dependency impact of concurrent brown heroin and Tramadol administration on reproduction in rats. Material and methods: Sixty adult male albino rats were divided into untreated control (I), vehicles groups citric acid (II), saline (III), brown heroin (IV), tramadol (V) and concurrent brown heroin and tramadol (VI) groups. The animals were treated daily for forty days by oral (saline and tramadol) and intra-peritoneal (citric acid and heroin) routes. The body weights, the reproductive hormonal assay (luteinizing hormone LH, follicle stimulating hormone FSH, free Testosterone, Estradiol E2 and prolactin PRL) and the hormones related gene expression (brain FSH-B gene, LH-B gene and testicular cytochrome 19 gene CYP-19) were evaluated. The histopathological changes of the brain and testis were demonstrated. Results: The brown heroin, tramadol and the concurrent brown heroin and tramadol administration reduced the rats' body weight, serum LH, FSH and Testosterone and increased the serum E2 and PRL levels. Moreover, both heroin and tramadol produced down regulation of brain LH-B and FSH-B with up regulation of testicular CYP-19 genes expression and induced histopathological alterations in both of the brain and testicular structures. Conclusion: The concurrent brown heroin and tramadol dependency affect the reproductive axis and impaired fertility in adult male albino rats via altering the circulating reproductive hormones and its related genes expression, moreover, affecting the histology of the brain and testis. Recommendation: Health education for the purpose of increasing public awareness regarding hazards of tramadol and heroin addiction, periodic urine screening for early detection and proper management which could be done for university students, employee in different community services….etc

Effects of tramadol administration on male reproductive toxicity in Wistar rats The role of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis-related gene expression, and nuclear factor kappa B signalling

“…Histopathological analysis of the testis supports the biochemical and molecular fi ndings. We found severe irregular changes in the testicular tissues of Tra groups, compared to the control group; these fi ndings are in line with previous studies (4,62,63). In general, the present fi ndings support Tra-induced toxicity in the testicular tissue.…”

Glymphatic-System Function Is Associated with Addiction and Relapse in Heroin Dependents Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment

“…In a modest-sized postmortem study of perivascular changes, the neurovascular effects of heroin abuse were examined, revealing a higher incidence of inflammatory cells, edema, and hemorrhaging in the perivascular area [46]. Studies have also reported an increased burden of EPVS in both humans and animals who use drugs [47,48], supporting the hypothesis that long-term heroin abuse disrupts BBB permeability, causes inflammation, and increases EPVS, all leading to elevated brain glymphatic-system function. The glymphatic function comprises three different parts: the cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) influx along the periarterial space, CSF-ISF exchange, and ISF efflux along the perivenous space [49].…”