Effects of body weight gain on insulin and lipid metabolism in equines

Blaue, Dominique; Schedlbauer, Carola; Starzonek, Janine; Gittel, Claudia; Brehm, Walter; Einspanier, A.; Vervuert, Ingrid

doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.01.003

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…To the authors' knowledge this is the first study investigating the effect of long-term BW gain on inflammatory CNS, but 16 out of 19 equines showed no ID within 2 years of BW gain. The results according to ID were previously published by our research group [36]. An interesting finding was that the main BW gain was observed in the first year of hypercaloric diet in both breeds.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

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The influence of equine body weight gain on inflammatory cytokine expressions of adipose tissue in response to endotoxin challenge

et al. 2020

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Background: Human obesity is linked with systemic inflammation. However, it is still controversial if equines produce more inflammatory cytokines with increasing body weight and if the production of those show breed type specific patterns. The main objective of this study was to determine if diet induced obesity is associated with increased inflammatory signatures in adipose tissue of equines and if a breed predisposition exists between ponies and horses. Additionally, we aimed to identify adipose tissue depot differences in inflammatory cytokine expression. Nineteen healthy, non-overweight and metabolically healthy equines received a hypercaloric diet for 2 years. Body weight, body condition score and cresty neck score were assessed weekly throughout the study. At three time points, insulin sensitivity was determined by a combined glucose-insulin test. Adipose tissue samples were collected from two intraabdominal and two subcutaneous depots under general anesthesia at each time point after an endotoxin trigger. In the adipose tissue samples levels of CD68 mRNA (a marker of macrophage infiltration) and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα) were analyzed with RT-qPCR. As markers of lipid metabolism mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) were determined with RT-qPCR. Results: CD68 mRNA levels increased with body weight gain in several adipose tissue (AT) depots (Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction; retroperitoneal AT horses: P = 0.023, mesocolonial AT horses: P = 0.023, subcutaneous tail head AT ponies: P = 0.015). In both abdominal depots CD68 mRNA levels were higher than in subcutaneous adipose tissue depots (Kruskal-Wallis-ANOVA with Bonferroni correction: P < 0.05). No breed related differences were found. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα levels were higher in subcutaneous depots compared to abdominal depots after body weight gain. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα mRNA levels of mesocolon adipose tissue were higher in obese horses compared to obese ponies (Mann-Whitney-U test; IL-1β: P = 0.006; IL-6: P = 0.003; TNFα: P = 0.049). In general, horses had higher FABP4 and LPL mRNA levels compared to ponies in neck AT and tail AT at all time points. Conclusion: Our findings suggest an increased invasion of macrophages in intra-abdominal adipose tissue with increasing body weight gain in equines in combination with a low dose endotoxin stimulus. This might predispose equines to obesity related comorbidities. In obese horses mesocolon adipose tissue showed higher inflammatory cytokine expression compared to obese ponies. Additionally, subcutaneous adipose tissue expressed more

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…In horses, plasma glucose concentration remained unchanged throughout the study ( Table 1). Results of the CGIT were previously published [36]. To summarise the results: at t0 and t1, equines were insulin sensitive based on the results of the CGIT and basal insulin concentrations (Additional file 5).…”

Section: Morphometric Measurements and Insulin Dysregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of equine body weight gain on inflammatory cytokine expressions of adipose tissue in response to endotoxin challenge

et al. 2020

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“…As 60–80% of liver stored lipid is derived by circulating free fatty acids, the differences of NEFA concentrations between ponies and horses might have contributed to breed related differences in steatosis stages. The results of serum NEFA concentrations are described in detail by Blaue et al (2019). Concluding, ponies seem to be more susceptible to hepatic lipid accumulations in early stages of obesity according to the histological evaluation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Impact of body weight gain on hepatic metabolism and hepatic inflammatory cytokines in comparison of Shetland pony geldings and Warmblood horse geldings

Schedlbauer

Blaue

Gericke

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is known as determining part of human obesity. The impact of body weight (BW) gain on liver metabolism has not been extensively investigated yet. Objectives To investigate hepatic alterations caused by increasing BW in ponies and horses. Animals A total of 19 non-obese equines (10 Shetland ponies, geldings; nine Warmblood horses, geldings). Methods Animals received 200% of their metabolizable maintenance energy requirements for 2 years. Serum alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities and bile acids were analyzed several times during 2 years of hypercaloric diet. Hepatic lipid content and hepatic levels of the interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), cluster of differentiation (CD) 68, IL-1β, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid-binding protein 1, chemerin and nuclear factor-κB mRNAs were assessed at the start of the study and after 1 and 2 years of excess energy intake. Results The mean (±SD) BW gain recorded during 2 years of excess energy intake was 29.9 ± 19.4% for ponies and 17 ± 6.74% for horses. The hepatic lipid content was not profoundly affected by increasing BW. Levels of the IL-6, TNFα, CD68 and IL-1β mRNAs did not change during BW gain. Levels of the chemerin mRNA increased significantly in both breeds (ponies: P = 0.02; horses: P = 0.02) in response to BW gain. Significant differences in serum GLDH and AST activities, serum bile acid concentrations and hepatic levels of the LPL mRNA were observed between ponies and horses at the end of the study. Conclusions Chemerin might represent an interesting marker for future equine obesity research. Interestingly, steatosis caused by increasing BW may occur later in the development of obesity in equines than in humans. Additionally, the hepatic metabolism exhibits differences between ponies and horses, which may explain in part the greater susceptibility of ponies to obesity-associated metabolic dysregulations.

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“…As a part of a larger project about the metabolic differences between horses and ponies during a two-year BW gain programme [37], ten Shetland pony and ten Warmblood horse geldings owned by the Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics of the University of Leipzig were housed and fed according to a standardized protocol. The mean (± SD) age was 6 (± 3) years for the Shetland ponies and 10 (± 3) years for the horses.…”

Section: Animals and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the faecal microbiota of horses and ponies during a two-year body weight gain programme

Langner¹,

Blaue²,

Schedlbauer³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Obesity is a major health concern in many domesticated equids animals since it is related to metabolic abnormalities such as insulin dysregulation, hyperlipidaemia or laminitis. Ponies especially are known as "easy keepers" and are often affected by obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Research in the last decade indicated that the intestinal microbiota may play an important role in the development of obesity, at least in humans. Therefore, the objective of our study was to characterize changes in the faecal microbiota during a twoyear weight gain programme which compared ponies and warmblood horses. For this purpose, 10 Shetland ponies and ten warmblood horses were fed a ration which provided 200% of their maintenance energy requirement over two years. Feed intake, body weight, body condition and cresty neck score were recorded weekly. At three standardized time points faecal samples were collected to characterize the faecal microbiota and its fermentation products such as short chain fatty acids and lactate. Next generation sequencing was used for the analysis of the faecal microbiota. During body weight gain the richness of the faecal microbiota decreased in ponies. Besides changes in the phylum Firmicutes in ponies that were already described in human studies, we found a decrease of the phylum Fibrobacteres in horses and an increase of the phylum Actinobacteria. We were also able to show that the phylum Fibrobacteres is more common in the microbiota of horses than in the microbiota of ponies. Therefore, the fibrolytic phylum Fibrobacteres seems to be an interesting phylum in the equine microbiota that should receive more attention in future studies. OPEN ACCESS Citation: Langner K, Blaue D, Schedlbauer C, Starzonek J, Julliand V, Vervuert I (2020) Changes in the faecal microbiota of horses and ponies during a two-year body weight gain programme. PLoS ONE 15(3): e0230015. https://doi.org/ 10.

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Effects of body weight gain on insulin and lipid metabolism in equines

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

The influence of equine body weight gain on inflammatory cytokine expressions of adipose tissue in response to endotoxin challenge

The influence of equine body weight gain on inflammatory cytokine expressions of adipose tissue in response to endotoxin challenge

Impact of body weight gain on hepatic metabolism and hepatic inflammatory cytokines in comparison of Shetland pony geldings and Warmblood horse geldings

Changes in the faecal microbiota of horses and ponies during a two-year body weight gain programme

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