Effects of blocked vs. interleaved administration mode on saccade preparatory set revealed using pupillometry

Ayala, Naila; Niechwiej-Szwedo, Ewa

doi:10.1007/s00221-020-05967-9

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In reconciling this discrepancy, we note that previous work examined pro-and anti-saccades in separate blocks, whereas the current work randomly interleaved task-type on a trialby-trial basis-a necessary manipulation to prevent TEPD attenuation due to task predictability [26]. As such, the current paradigm not only required the executive demand of response suppression for antisaccade trials, but also the executive component of cognitive flexibility (i.e., task-switching) across antisaccades and prosaccades [13,23,27]. Furthermore, and given that cognitive flexibility and task-switching efficiency elicits a robust postexercise benefit [4,28], it is possible that the postexercise decrease in prosaccade RTs observed here reflects a global benefit to executive function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Second, antisaccades provide the necessary resolution to detect subtle post exercise improvements in executive function (i.e., decreased reaction times (RT)) across a range of exercise intensities and durations in healthy young and older adults, as well as those at risk for cognitive decline [11,12]. Third, the pupil size changes observed in the antisaccade task provide a proxy for task-dependent changes in executive function (i.e., inhibitory control) and cognitive/psychological arousal [7,13,14]. Indeed, the locus coeruleus (LC) receives direct-and indirect-input from the prefrontal cortex and the insula, which in turn influence the efferent gain throughout the cortical and subcortical regions, serving sensorimotor and cognitive processing [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pupillometry Reveals the Role of Arousal in a Postexercise Benefit to Executive Function

Ayala

Heath

2021

Brain Sciences

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A single bout of aerobic exercise improves executive function; however, the mechanism(s) underlying this improvement remains unclear. Here, we employed a 20-min bout of aerobic exercise, and at pre- and immediate post-exercise sessions examined executive function via pro- (i.e., saccade to veridical target location) and anti-saccade (i.e., saccade mirror symmetrical to a target) performance and pupillometry metrics. Notably, tonic and phasic pupillometry responses in oculomotor control provided a framework to determine the degree that arousal and/or executive resource recruitment influence behavior. Results demonstrated a pre- to post-exercise decrease in pro- and anti-saccade reaction times (p = 0.01) concurrent with a decrease and increase in tonic baseline pupil size and task-evoked pupil dilations, respectively (ps < 0.03). Such results demonstrate that an exercise-induced improvement in saccade performance is related to an executive-mediated “shift” in physiological and/or psychological arousal, supported by the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system to optimize task engagement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pupillometry Reveals the Role of Arousal in a Postexercise Benefit to Executive Function

Ayala

Heath

2021

Brain Sciences

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“…We refer to both of these as “saccades” throughout. We included both microsaccades and saccades, which are known to have different properties (e.g., the former is involuntary but the latter is voluntary) [141, 142], because previous studies show that a similar constrictory pupil response is observed following either [48, 49, 50, 52, 51].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is substantial support for the common drive hypothesis. A transient pupil constriction and re-dilation locked to saccades was reported in humans as early as the 1960s [48,49,1,50,51,52,53]. Microstimulation of superior colliculus (SC), a subcortical center for saccade generation, evokes a transient pupil response above or below the current level required to evoke a saccade [46,26,45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unified model of the task-evoked pupil response

Burlingham

Mirbagheri

Heeger

2021

Preprint

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The pupil dilates and re-constricts following task events. It is popular to model this task-evoked pupil response as a linear transformation of event-locked impulses, the amplitudes of which are used as estimates of arousal. We show that this model is incorrect, and we propose an alternative model based on the physiological finding that a common neural input drives saccades and pupil size. The estimates of arousal from our model agreed with key predictions: arousal scaled with task difficulty and behavioral performance but was invariant to trial duration. Moreover, the model offers a unified explanation for a wide range of phenomena: entrainment of pupil size and saccade occurrence to task timing, modulation of pupil response amplitude and noise with task difficulty, reaction-time dependent modulation of pupil response timing and amplitude, a constrictory pupil response time-locked to saccades, and task-dependent distortion of this saccade-locked pupil response.

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“…2008 ; Ethridge et al. 2009 ; Zeligman and Zivotofsky 2017 ; Ayala and Niechwiej-Szwedo 2021 ). A second type of inhibition involved in anti-saccades is response inhibition, which is defined as the requirement to cancel a previously generated motor plan ( Cutsuridis, Smyrnis, et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired Spatial Inhibition Processes for Interhemispheric Anti-saccades following Dorsal Posterior Parietal Lesions

Ouerfelli-Éthier

Salemme

Fournet

et al. 2021

Cerebral Cortex Communications

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Anti-saccades are eye movements that require inhibition to stop the automatic saccade to the visual target and to perform instead a saccade in the opposite direction. The inhibitory processes underlying anti-saccades have been primarily associated with frontal cortex areas for their role in executive control. Impaired performance in anti-saccades has also been associated with the parietal cortex, but its role in inhibitory processes remains unclear. Here we tested the assumption that the dorsal parietal cortex contributes to spatial inhibition processes of contralateral visual target. We measured anti-saccade performance in two unilateral optic ataxia patients and 15 age-matched controls. Participants performed 90 degree (across and within visual fields) and 180 degree inversion anti-saccades, as well as pro-saccades. The main result was that our patients took longer to inhibit visually guided saccades when the visual target was presented in the ataxic hemifield and the task required a saccade across hemifields. This was observed through anti-saccades latencies and error rates. These deficits show the crucial role of the dorsal posterior parietal cortex in spatial inhibition of contralateral visual target representations to plan an accurate anti-saccade toward the ipsilesional side.

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Effects of blocked vs. interleaved administration mode on saccade preparatory set revealed using pupillometry

Cited by 6 publications

References 46 publications

Pupillometry Reveals the Role of Arousal in a Postexercise Benefit to Executive Function

Pupillometry Reveals the Role of Arousal in a Postexercise Benefit to Executive Function

A unified model of the task-evoked pupil response

Impaired Spatial Inhibition Processes for Interhemispheric Anti-saccades following Dorsal Posterior Parietal Lesions

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