Effects of beta-benzene hexachloride in-ovo on the embryonic growth and development of domestic mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L.)

Abstract

This was the first study conducted to test if varying levels of ß-Benzene Hexachloride affects the embryonic growth and development of Mallard using in-ovo procedure. In a sanitized environment, 200 fertile eggs at day 0 (n=200) were exposed to varying concentrations of β-Benzehexacholorohexane (β-BHC). The five treatments with four replications (10 eggs rep -1 ) were the sham-injected control (T1), positive control (T2), 150 ppb (T3), 300 ppb (T4) and 600 ppb (T5) of β-BHC. All treatments except T1 were administered by in-ovo using sterilized olive oil as vehicle. The embryonic weight and body length were determined on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. On the day of hatching (day 28), movement and feeding behaviors were documented using DSLR camera. The results revealed that the significant decrease in embryonic weight and length were observed at 600 ppb ß-BHC. Likewise, eggs treated with 300 and 600 ppb β-BHC manifested splay leg incidence. The reduced total hatchability of 300 and 600 ppb β-BHC may be attributed to leg weakness. Therefore, 300 ppb β-BHC present in duck eggs is critical.

In ovo feeding of nutrients and its impact on post‐hatching water and feed deprivation up to 48 hr, energy status and jejunal morphology of chicks using response surface models

“…Therefore, injected material into each egg was 0, 2.5 and 5 mg for HMB and 0, 100 and 200 mg for dextrin. The created holes on the eggshells eggs were immediately sealed using commercial glue (Vega et al., ), transferred to hatcher unit (Petersime, Zulte, Belgium) and incubated under standard commercial conditions. The maximum time needed for IOF of the eggs, handling and transferring to incubator was 5 min.…”

Interaction of β - Benzenehexachloride and Cadmium on Physiologic Response of Laying Domestic Mallard (Anas Platyrhynchos L.)

“…Thus, this study aimed to investigate the individual and the interacting effects of β-Benzenehexachloride (β-BHC) and Cadmium (Cd) in feed on physiologic and haematologic responses of domestic Mallard Ducks at sexual maturity to support the previously reported detrimental effects of these compounds in Mallard ducks (Cain et al, 1983;Vega, 2009;Vega et al, 2011;Anggraeni et al, 2012;Vega et al, 2014).…”

“…All the samples were submitted to Natural Sciences Research Institute (NSRI; PNS ISO/IEC 17025:2005) of the University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City for pesticide residue and cadmium analysis. The same assay protocol for Cd and Organochlorine Pesticide Residues (OCPs) was used as described elsewhere (Vega et al, 2014) …”

“…Kojima et al, (2004) studied 200 possible endocrine disrupting properties of 200 pesticides and among those in the list of organochlorines were o,p´-Dichorodiethyltrichloroethane (o,p'-DDT), β-BHC, methoxychlor, and α-endosulfan. In ovo studies showed that β-BHC can negatively affect growth and development of ducks (Vega et al, 2014). Upon the discovery of the environmental and health hazards of pesticides, specifically OCPs, the use of these compounds is now being regulated.…”

“…According to Klasing et al (2005), Cd tends to accumulate in the kidney, liver, pancreas and spleen. However, Cd is not easily transported into eggs and milk (Klasing, et al, 2005;Vega et al, 2014). The effects of Cd in the physiology of farm animals and humans alike are still being studied.…”