Effects of benzydamine and mouthwashes containing benzydamine on Candida albicans adhesion, biofilm formation, regrowth, and persistence

Abstract

Objectives To assess the effects of benzydamine and mouthwashes (MoWs) containing benzydamine on different stages of Candida albicans biofilm: adhesion, formation, persistence, and regrowth (if perturbed). Materials and methods C. albicans CA1398, carrying the bioluminescence ACT1p-gLUC59 fusion product, was employed. Fungal cells were exposed for 1′, 5′, or 15′ to 4 different benzydamine concentrations (0.075 to 0.6%) to 2 mouthwashes (MoWs) containing benzydamine and to a placebo MoW (without benzydamine). Treated cells were tested for adhesion (90 min) and biofilm formation (24-h assay). Next, 24- and 48-h-old biofilms were exposed to benzydamine and MoWs to assess regrowth and persistence, respectively. The effects of benzydamine, MoWs containing benzydamine, and placebo on different biofilm stages were quantified by bioluminescence assay and by the production of quorum sensing (QS) molecules. Results Benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine impaired C. albicans ability to adhere and form biofilm, counteracted C. albicans persistence and regrowth, and impaired a 48-h-old biofilm. Some of these effects paralleled with alterations in QS molecule secretion. Conclusions Our results show for the first time that benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine impair C. albicans capacity to form biofilm and counteract biofilm persistence and regrowth. Clinical relevance Benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine capacity to affect C. albicans biofilm provides an interesting tool to prevent and treat oral candidiasis. Likely, restraining C. albicans colonization through daily oral hygiene may counteract colonization and persistence by other critical oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans, whose increased virulence has been linked to the presence of C. albicans biofilm.

Pomegranate Extract Affects Fungal Biofilm Production: Consumption of Phenolic Compounds and Alteration of Fungal Autoinducers Release

“…By chromatogram analysis, the different elution peaks and their areas were used for semi-quantitative evaluation of the specific products detected in treated and untreated cells. Table 2 shows that untreated Candida cells secreted consistent amounts of tyrosol, in line with our recently published data [ 32 , 33 ].…”

“…Certainly, the opposed effects observed on farnesol and tyrosol warrant further investigations; in any case, we may conclude that the regulation of these two AI is a key step in the accomplishment of antibiofilm effects by PomeGr. It should be noted that the present data are in line with recent papers demonstrating the complex modulation of Candida tyrosol/farnesol by other bioactive compounds [ 32 , 33 ].…”

“…PomeGr extract is known to be a complex mixture of components, such as polyphenols with a broad spectrum of activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Initially, to establish the biochemical profile of the PomeGr extract used in this study, HPLC-ESI-MS analysis was performed and a representative chromatogram is shown in Figure 2 .…”

“…Finally, we assessed the effects of PomeGr on the ability of C. albicans to produce specific AI, particularly tyrosol and farnesol, known to be involved in fungal biofilm formation and virulence [ 32 ]. Thus, HPLC-ESI-MS analysis was performed in cell-free supernatants from C. albicans , treated or not with PomeGr for 24 h at 37 °C.…”

Development and Characterization of New Miconazole-Based Microemulsions for Buccal Delivery by Implementing a Full Factorial Design Modeling

“…Over time, it was proven a safe handle and incorporation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) for the treatment of oral candidiasis in various buccal dosage forms like suspensions [ 15 ], medical mouthwashes [ 16 , 17 ], gels and in situ forming gels [ 18 , 19 ], varnishes and troches [ 20 ], mucoadhesive tablets [ 21 ], and versatile hydrogels and polymeric films [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Furthermore, novel nanotherapeutic systems proposed progress in increasing API bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy [ 25 ].…”