Effects of aroma mouthwash on stress level, xerostomia, and halitosis in healthy nurses: A non-randomized controlled clinical trial

The effectiveness of aromatherapy and massage on stress management in nurses: A systematic review

“…Most studies received scores of 0 for inclusion of unbiased assessment and prospective calculation of the study size. Half of the articles did not have appropriate follow‐up periods (Chen et al., ; Pemberton & Turpin, ; Seo, Song, Hur, Lee, & Lee, ), which may have led to the endpoints and possible adverse events not being evaluated.…”

“…The tools to measure stress in the included studies were highly different. The tools were a visual analog scale (VAS; a horizontal line of 10 cm from 0–10 points; the higher the point, the more severe the stress level; Pemberton & Turpin, ; Seo et al., ); a prepost survey (the content validity was not reported; Johnson et al., ); an occupational stress instrument (OSI; including 60 items and Cronbach's alpha is 0.89; Nazari et al., ); a stress symptom scale (content validity is 0.88 when applied to stress symptoms; Chen et al., ); a perceived stress scale‐14 (14‐item and scores range from 0–56, with adequate internal consistency and validity; the higher scores, the more stress perceived; Brennan & Debate, ; Engen et al., ); Cooper's Job Stress Questionnaire (CSQ, consist of 22 items; Hansen et al., ); and a Perceived Occupational Stress Scale (consists of 46 items, the Cronbach's alpha for stress items was 0.863; Davis, Cooke, Holzhauser, Jones, & Finucane, ). In addition, one study used objective outcomes, that is, urinary cortisol, to evaluate the stress level of nurses (Bost & Wallis, ).…”

“…In the 10 articles that were included, four studies conducted aromatherapy interventions. These interventions were nonrandomised controlled trial ( n = 2; Chen et al., ; Seo et al., ) and quasi‐experimental study ( n = 2; Johnson et al., ; Pemberton & Turpin, ).…”

“…The stress levels of nurses were measured before the intervention and 10 min after the intervention from the 1st day to the 3rd day. In addition, stress levels were measured 30 min after the intervention on the 3rd day (Seo et al., ). The results showed statistical differences among the groups and the times after the intervention.…”

Individual differences in personality predict the use and perceived effectiveness of essential oils

“…Advocates of EOs will point to the ostensible benefits they provide through their antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, and antiplaque/antigingivitic properties, as well as their performance as an effective insect repellant [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In our review of the literature on EOs, many of these studies compare the effectiveness of EOs to existing treatments, placebos, no treatment, or in combination with existing treatments on varying outcome variables [e.g., hormone levels, brain activation, subjective evaluations of stress, chemical reactions with other substances; [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The purported benefits of EOs range from treating pain [in combination with conventional treatments; 22], to memory and mood enhancement [e.g., promoting calmness, alertness, contentment; 23,24], to insomnia relief [25,26].…”