“…As mentioned above, ASR is the core engine of auto-captioning, which is also considered in this study. In previous studies, the effects of using ASR to improve language learning and learning performance (Kuo et al, 2012;Shadiev et al, 2014Shadiev et al, , 2015Wang & Young, 2014), cognitive load (Chan et al, 2020) as well as visual attention and learning behaviour (Huang et al, 2014) have been examined. In addition to ASR, NMT has been studied to enhance performance in learning languages, including speaking and writing comprehension (Briggs, 2018;Lee, 2019;Niño, 2020) and reading comprehension (Fuji, 1999;Castilho & Arenas, 2018).…”