Effects of Ankaferd Hemostat on red blood cell aggregation: a hemorheological study

Abstract

Background/aim: Ankaferd hemostat (ABS; Ankaferd blood stopper, İstanbul, Turkey) is a prohemostatic agent affecting erythrocytes. The hemostatic action of ABS depends upon fibrinogen gamma chain, prothrombin, and red blood cells. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ABS on erythrocyte aggregation via hemorheological analyses. Materials and methods: To measure erythrocyte aggregation, blood samples were obtained from healthy, nonsmoker volunteers who had not taken any medication in the previous 10 days. One mL of blood was placed into the laser-assisted optical rotational cell analyzer (LORCA), into the chamber formed by the gap between two concentric glass cylinders. The solution prepared with ABS and saline was added to blood in incremental amounts of 10 µL, 20 µL, 30 µL, 40 µL, 50 µL, 60 µL, 70 µL, and 100 µL. Erythrocyte aggregation was determined by laser-assisted optical rotational cell analyzer at 37 °C. Results: AMP was found to be 17.7 ± 2.1 au in the blood without ABS, whereas it was lower in the blood with ABS. AMP was 16.0 ± 3.3 in the ABS-added blood group. RBC aggregates did not form faster when cells contacted ABS. The t t½ value was 4.6 ± 2.6 in the ABS-added blood group and 1.9 ± 0.20 in the control group. Aggregation was faster in the control group (P = 0.03). AI, which is a combination of AMP and t½, was lowered in the ABS group (48.7 ± 12.3) compared to the control group (65.8 ± 1.6) (P = 0.02). It was notable that the γIsc max (sec-1) value of the control was higher (200 ± 106) than the ABS-added blood group (141 ± 51.0). Conclusion: ABS has antierythroid aggregation effect. ABS inhibits pathological aggregation of red blood cells. Antithrombotic clinical effects of ABS may be ascribed to the antierythroid aggregan actions of the drug.

Histopathological and mechanical effects of Ankaferd Blood Stopper® on wound healing in rats: an experimental model

“…The effect of Ankaferd starts rapidly, and the encapsulated protein network formation, which is formed by the combination of erythrocyte and blood proteins, occurs in less than a second [14]. The hemostatic, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, regenerative, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and antitumoral effects of ABS have been investigated in in vivo and in vitro studies [10][11][12][13][14][24][25][26][27]. In a study by Büyüktiryaki et al, ABS decreased the intestinal necrosis in a necrotizing enterocolitis rat model [28].…”

Pharmacobiological management of hemostasis within clinical backgrounds via Ankaferd hemostat (Ankaferd blood stopper)

“…Antithrombotic clinical effects of ABS could be ascribed to the paradoxal anti-erythroid aggregation actions of the drug. 11…”

Ankaferd hemostat (ABS) as a potential mucosal topical agent for the management of COVID-19 syndrome based on its PAR-1 inhibitory effect and oestrogen content

“…ABS is approved as a topically applied hemostatic agent for the management of post-surgical/dental bleedings and healing of the infected inflammatory mucosal wounds [7] , [8] . Although initally presented as a hemostatic agent, compelling body of evidence suggest that ABS has anti-inflammatory, anti-infective and anti-oxidative properties in distinct disease states [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] . Moreover, Urtica dioica which is the major component of ABS possesses broad-spectrum antiviral properties including SARS-CoV strains [15] .…”

“…Therefore, we herein hypothesize that ABS could be a possible topical drug candidate for the management of COVID-19-induced mucositis based on its pharmacobiology [5] , [6] , [7] and the nature of the SARS-CoV-2 [20] , [21] induced widespread oropharyngeal and pulmonary mucosal damages. The pathogenetic nature of COVID-19 is found to be related with red blood cells and ABS is pharmacologically located at the crossroads of many functional erythroid elements [7] , [9] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] .…”