Effects of anatomic conformation on three-dimensional motion of the caudal lumbar and lumbosacral portions of the vertebral column of dogs

Benninger, Monika I; Seiler, Gabriela; Robinson, Leanne E; Ferguson, Stephen J.; Bonél, Harald; Busato, André; Lang, Johann

doi:10.2460/ajvr.67.1.43

Cited by 40 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…However, two-toed sloths do not have distinct xenarthrous articulations (Kraft, 1995). The parasagittally orientated articulating facets at the anterior zygapophyses of the lumbar vertebrae and last thoracic vertebra present in the sloth are also found in other species, including humans, and have also been argued to restrict extensive long-axis rotation and lateral bending (see Rockwell et al, 1938;Boszczyk et al, 2001;Benninger et al, 2006). As shown here for the sloth, small additive intervertebral motions can result in considerable long-axis rotation and lateral displacement of the pelvis even when the zygapophyses are thus configured.…”

Section: Morphology Of the Thoraco-lumbar Spine In Relation To Observmentioning

confidence: 71%

Functional morphology and three-dimensional kinematics of the thoraco-lumbar region of the spine of the two-toed sloth

Nyakatura

Fischer

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYGiven the importance of thoraco-lumbar spine movements in the locomotion of mammals, it is surprising that in vivo threedimensional (3-D) data on the intervertebral movement of the mammalian thoraco-lumbar vertebral column during symmetrical gaits is limited to horses and dogs. To test whether kinematic patterns similar to those published for these cursorial species are also present during a contrasting mode of quadrupedalism, we quantified thoraco-lumbar intervertebral movements, the resulting pelvic displacements and relative femoral movements during the trot-like steady-state suspensory quadrupedal locomotion of the two-toed sloth (Xenarthra, Choloepus didactylus). Scientific rotoscoping, a new, non-invasive approach that combines synchronous biplanar high speed X-ray videos and the reconstruction of skeletal elements from computed tomography bone scans, was used to quantify 3-D kinematics. An analysis of vertebral anatomy and epaxial muscle topography suggests that the thoraco-lumbar spine of sloths is well suited to producing lateral bending and long-axis rotation, but limits powerful sagittal extension. Sloths exhibit complex 3-D movements in the thoraco-lumbar spine that are comparable to those observed in other arboreal quadrupedal mammals. Monophasic lateral bending and long-axis rotation, biphasic sagittal bending and maximal amplitude of sagittal bending at the lumbo-sacral joint were also found in other quadruped mammals and may represent general aspects of mammalian symmetric gaits. Maximal amplitude of lateral bending and long-axis rotation vary in regard to the vertebral level. It is suggested that a cranio-caudal pattern of angular deflections of the spine results from the out-of-phase movement of diagonal forelimbs and hindlimbs in other walking gaits, because it is not evident in the trot-like locomotion analyzed here. The analysis also illustrates the difficulties that arise when lumbar movement is deduced from intervertebral joint morphology alone.

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Section: Morphology Of the Thoraco-lumbar Spine In Relation To Observmentioning

confidence: 71%

Functional morphology and three-dimensional kinematics of the thoraco-lumbar region of the spine of the two-toed sloth

Nyakatura

Fischer

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Neurological dysfunction is related to compression of the cauda equina nerve roots secondary to pathophysiologic processes such as intervertebral disk protrusion, articular facet joint misalignment, and chronic lumbosacral instability (Lenehan and Tarvin 1998;De Risio et al 2001;Benninger et al 2006). In cases lacking proprioceptive deficits or incontinence, conservative therapy involving antiinflammatory drugs, weight reduction, and controlled exercise may be effective in controlling clinical signs (Janssens et al 2009;Worth et al 2009;Björn and Bergknut 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimally invasive approach to lumbosacral decompression in a cadaveric canine model

Dent

Fosgate

Hettlich

2015

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

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AIMS: To determine efficacy of a minimally invasive (MI) surgical approach using a human MI lumbar retractor for canine lumbosacral dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy and to compare this technique to the standard open surgical (OS) approach.METHODS: Lumbosacral dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy was performed on 16 largebreed canine cadavers using either a standard OS (n=8) or MI (n=8) approach. Skin and fascial incision length, procedure time, and intraoperative complications were recorded. Postoperatively specimens were evaluated for laminectomy and discectomy dimensions, and visible damage to the cauda equina and exiting nerve roots.RESULTS: Median length of skin and fascial incisions in the OS group were longer than in the MI group (p<0.001). Median laminectomy length was similar between both approaches (p=0.234) but width was greater for the MI than OS approach (p=0.002). Both approaches achieved similar partial discectomy width (p=0.279). Overall surgical time was longer for MI approaches compared to OS, with a median of 18.5 (min 15.5, max 21.8) minutes for MI compared to 14.6 (min 13.1, max 16.9) minutes for OS (p=0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The MI approach reduced incision lengths while retaining comparable laminectomy and discectomy dimensions. For this in vitro model the MI approach required more time to complete, but this difference may not be relevant in clinical cases.

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“…These differences indicate that there are substantial biomechanical differences between NCD and CD spines. Apart from differences in the state of IVD degeneration, these differences may be caused by differences in the size/weight of the types of dog, IVD height and size relative to the size of the dog, the facet joint orientation and conformation, and other spinal characteristics [23]. These differences require further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical assessment of the effects of decompressive surgery in non-chondrodystrophic and chondrodystrophic canine multisegmented lumbar spines

et al. 2012

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PurposeDogs are often used as an animal model in spinal research, but consideration should be given to the breed used as chondrodystrophic (CD) dog breeds always develop IVD degeneration at an early age, whereas non-chondrodystrophic (NCD) dog breeds may develop IVD degeneration, but only later in life. The aim of this study was to provide a mechanical characterization of the NCD [non-degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs), rich in notochordal cells] and CD (degenerated IVDs, rich in chondrocyte-like cells) canine spine before and after decompressive surgery (nucleotomy).MethodsThe biomechanical properties of multisegmented lumbar spine specimens (T13–L5 and L5–Cd1) from 2-year-old NCD dogs (healthy) and CD dogs (early degeneration) were investigated in flexion/extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR), in the native state and after nucleotomy of L2–L3 or dorsal laminectomy and nucleotomy of L7–S1. The range of motion (ROM), neutral zone (NZ), and NZ stiffness (NZS) of L1–L2, L2–L3, L6–L7, and L7–S1 were calculated.ResultsIn native spines in both dog groups, the greatest mobility in FE was found at L7–S1, and the greatest mobility in LB at L2–L3. Surgery significantly increased the ROM and NZ, and significantly decreased the NZS in FE, LB, and AR in both breed groups. However, surgery at L2–L3 resulted in a significantly larger increase in NZ and decrease in NZS in the CD spines compared with the NCD spines, whereas surgery at L7–S1 induced a significantly larger increase in ROM and decrease in NZS in the NCD spines compared with the CD spines.ConclusionsSpinal biomechanics significantly differ between NCD and CD dogs and researchers should consider this aspect when using the dog as a model for spinal research.

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Effects of anatomic conformation on three-dimensional motion of the caudal lumbar and lumbosacral portions of the vertebral column of dogs

Cited by 40 publications

References 36 publications

Functional morphology and three-dimensional kinematics of the thoraco-lumbar region of the spine of the two-toed sloth

Functional morphology and three-dimensional kinematics of the thoraco-lumbar region of the spine of the two-toed sloth

Minimally invasive approach to lumbosacral decompression in a cadaveric canine model

Biomechanical assessment of the effects of decompressive surgery in non-chondrodystrophic and chondrodystrophic canine multisegmented lumbar spines

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