Effects of an in-car augmented reality system on improving safety of younger and older drivers

Virtual and augmented reality applications to improve older adults’ quality of life: A systematic mapping review and future directions

“…As shown in Figure 7, the 57 studies were mainly classified into three intended purpose settings: 49% applied VR and AR for training purposes, 46% for rehabilitation purposes, and only 5% for healthcare. For training purposes, the studies applied VR and AR to train and maintain different QoL domains, such as cognitive and physical functions in older adults [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100] or psychological and social functions. 59,101,102 For occupational therapy and rehabilitation purpose, VR and AR were used in clinical settings or as a rehabilitation tool.…”

AR DriveSim: An Immersive Driving Simulator for Augmented Reality Head-Up Display Research

“…Conformal graphics in driving simulators have been realized mostly by direct integration of AR graphics into computergenerated driving scene without separate displays (Caird et al, 2008;Kim and Dey, 2009;Plavšic et al, 2009;Charissis and Papanastasiou, 2010;Medenica et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2013;Schall et al, 2013;Wai-Tat et al, 2013;Lorenz et al, 2014;Politis et al, 2014;Sharfi and Shinar, 2014). The few instances found in literature that present conformal AR graphics use Wizard of Oz (Bolton et al, 2015), computer-vision-based object detection (Wu et al, 2009), and communication between driving simulation software and AR application (Tran et al, 2013).…”

“…For example, Sharfi and Shinar ( 2014 ) prototyped an AR visibility enhancement system for nighttime driving that highlights lane markers using a desktop computer, DEXXA game controllers, and a 126 × 60 cm monitor and found that augmented road edges have positive effects on drivers' confidence and workload while reducing their ability to detect unexpected obstacles. Other researchers have used medium fidelity driving simulators that typically consist of a fixed-based real car cab with wall projection screens (Tonnis and Klinker, 2006 ; Caird et al, 2008 ; Plavšic et al, 2009 ; Olaverri-Monreal et al, 2012 ; Saffarian et al, 2013 ; Schall et al, 2013 ; Wai-Tat et al, 2013 ; Bolton et al, 2015 ). Fu et al conducted a user study in a driving simulator with a GM Saturn real-car cab on a fixed base (Wai-Tat et al, 2013 ).…”

“…Other researchers have used medium fidelity driving simulators that typically consist of a fixed-based real car cab with wall projection screens (Tonnis and Klinker, 2006 ; Caird et al, 2008 ; Plavšic et al, 2009 ; Olaverri-Monreal et al, 2012 ; Saffarian et al, 2013 ; Schall et al, 2013 ; Wai-Tat et al, 2013 ; Bolton et al, 2015 ). Fu et al conducted a user study in a driving simulator with a GM Saturn real-car cab on a fixed base (Wai-Tat et al, 2013 ). The user study showed that the proposed AR forward collision warning improved driving performance but induced risky driving behavior especially among young drivers.…”

“…For AR displays, most researchers have simulated AR HUDs by presenting AR graphics directly within driving scene (with no physical AR display; Caird et al, 2008 ; Kim and Dey, 2009 ; Plavšic et al, 2009 ; Charissis and Papanastasiou, 2010 ; Medenica et al, 2011 ; Dijksterhuis et al, 2012 ; Olaverri-Monreal et al, 2012 ; Kim et al, 2013 , 2016 ; Saffarian et al, 2013 ; Schall et al, 2013 ; Wai-Tat et al, 2013 ; Lorenz et al, 2014 ; Politis et al, 2014 ; Sharfi and Shinar, 2014 ), while some installed in-house prototypes (Tonnis and Klinker, 2006 ; Langlois, 2013 ; Tran et al, 2013 ), aftermarket c, or head-worn displays inside driving simulators (Sawyer et al, 2014 ; Tippey et al, 2017 ). Generally speaking, from our experience, integrating graphics directly into the driving scene (via computer graphics or video) does not afford the same accommodative and/or cognitive switching (Gabbard et al, 2019 ) that a separate AR display does; an important component for research that wishes to faithfully examine the effects of AR HUDs on driver's visual attention.…”