Effects of ammonia on shrimp physiology and immunity: a review

Abstract

The rapid expansion in shrimp farming comes with problems such as inadequate culture technology, disease outbreak, water pollution and other environmental degradation‐related problems. Prominent among these is the level of ammonia, which has been rising steadily in the last couple of years, mainly due to farming practices and other anthropogenic activities, and therefore has had consequent effects on marine life, especially shrimp. While optimal ammonia levels are a good source of nitrogen for marine phytoplankton that increases the level of dissolved oxygen in water as well serves as food for shrimp, high levels of ammonia are harmful to shrimp. When shrimp pond ammonia levels go beyond the tolerance limits, it inhibits chitinase expression, moulting, growth, phenoloxidase and haemolymph antimicrobial activity, thereby attenuating shrimp innate immune response. In this review, we bring together recent information on the effects of ammonia stress on the growth, physiology, biochemistry, ammonia‐metabolizing enzymes and immunity of shrimp. We also propose areas of research that can be explored in the breeding of new ammonia‐tolerant and disease‐resistant shrimp with robust immune and/or physiological systems that could withstand environmental stress and pathogens.

Performance of perisel as shelter and periphyton substrate in the floating cage of vanname shrimp culture

“…Glucose plays important role in regulating homeostasis condition through utilization of energy from glicolysis regulated by crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (Nagai et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2019). Wang et al (2019) and Zhao et al (2020) found that shrimp with stress condition had high glucose haemolymph and total hepatopancreatic lipid levels. In our experiment, level of glucose haemolymph was high in the initial period, but it tend to decrease in day-50 and increase in the end of experimental period (Figure 2).…”

Yucca schidigera Usage for Healthy Aquatic Animals: Potential Roles for Sustainability

“…Romano and Zeng [ 83 ] concluded that not only the ammonia emissions in the farms could harmfully affect the performance of aquatic animals but also in the ecosystem and outdoors, the accumulation of ammonia emissions deteriorates the survivability of decapod crustaceans. Specifically, exposure to NH 4 + and NH 3 (TAN) pollution can cause gill damage, anoxia, disruption of blood vessels and osmoregulatory activity (damage to the liver and kidneys), and a decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system [ 85 ]. Furthermore, the NH 4 + ions contribute to an internal reduction of Na + , which in turn, increases the toxicity of NH 3 [ 86 ].…”

Effects of Low Temperature on Shrimp and Crab Physiology, Behavior, and Growth: A Review

“…In invertebrates, the important innate immune response mechanism, melanization, functions via the prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system and is catalyzed by PO (Amparyup et al, 2013). In shrimp, melanization has been suggested to be an antiviral response (Zhao et al, 2020). Meanwhile, PO functions in cellular defense in association with phagocytosis-enhancing factors; therefore, PO is used frequently to assess the effect of environmental stress on the invertebrate immune system (Ellis et al, 2011).…”