Effects of ammonia on liver lysosomal functionality in <i>Salmo gairdneri</i> rich

Arillo, Attilio; Margiocco, C.; Melodia, F.; Mensi, P.

doi:10.1002/jez.1402180303

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In acclimated fish, apart from a dose-dependant ammonia accumulation in blood plasma, no major physiological disturbances were observed. The relationship between plasma TA-N and ambient ammonia was in agreement with previous results recorded in sea bass (Lemarié et al, in press) and in other freshwater and marine species (Arillo et al, 1981;Knoph and Thorud, 1996;Person-Le Ruyet et al, 1995.…”

Section: Effect Of Ammonia On Acclimated Fish (Period 1 Day 19-61 Ansupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of chronic exposure to ammonia on growth, food utilisation and metabolism of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Dosdat

2003

Aquatic Living Resources

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The chronic effects of exposing sea bass (average initial weight 100 g) to ammonia in water at 22°C were first evaluated over a 61-day period (period 1, P1) during which nine different groups were submitted to nine ambient ammonia levels ranging from 0.014 to 0.493 mg l -1 NH 3 -N (0.53-16.11 mg l -1 total ammonia nitrogen (TA-N)) and fed using self-feeders. At the end of P1, the fish were starved for 10 days (P2). Their recovery capacity was tested over 43 days (P3) after which the exogenous ammonia supply was stopped in all treatments and the fish were allowed to feed. After 20 days of exposure a highly significant effect of ammonia was evident from the decrease in feeding activity, voluntary feed intake (VFI) and specific growth rate (SGR), and the increase in the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Ammonia exposure had no effect on circadian feeding rhythm or hourly actuation profiles. At the end of P1, the fish seemed to have adapted to all ambient ammonia concentrations tested since feeding and growth parameters were independent of ammonia levels. But they were unable to compensate for growth losses. Physiological adjustments were observed: plasma TA-N concentrations were positively related to ambient TA-N while there was no major disturbance in plasma urea. Plasma tri-iodo-thyronine concentrations were affected by ambient ammonia concentrations and there were no significant changes in hydromineral balance. During P2, oxygen consumption and urea excretion did appear to have been affected by ambient ammonia. When the exogenous supply of ammonia was stopped (P3), fish exhibited hyperphagia and compensatory growth. In fish previously exposed to the highest ammonia levels, SGR and VFI were highest, and their FCR was improved. At the end of the experiment the final average weights were similar in all of the treatments (range 337-396 g). Depending on the concentrations used, ammonia exposure may enhance subsequent fish appetite and growth rate and have a similar effect on growth performances as restricting feeding level. Within the range tested, no detrimental effect of ammonia on the metabolic capacity of the fish, measured by oxygen consumption and urea excretion, or on their physiological status was recorded, and the fish had a good recovery capacity. In the conditions of the experiment, the non-observable effect concentration (NOEC) was 6 mg l -1 .

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Section: Effect Of Ammonia On Acclimated Fish (Period 1 Day 19-61 Ansupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of chronic exposure to ammonia on growth, food utilisation and metabolism of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Dosdat

2003

Aquatic Living Resources

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“…Blood plasma TAN concentrations were positively correlated to ambient ammonia levels, as previously described in freshwater and seawater species (Arillo et al, 1981;Person-Le Ruyet et al, 1995, 1997aKnoph and Thorud, 1996). In all ammonia exposed groups, they remain lower than the external TAN concentration in water (iso concentration was 6.4 mg l -1 TAN).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Effect of chronic ammonia exposure on growth of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

et al. 2004

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Chronic effects of ammonia were studied in juvenile seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax (mean WEIGHT=11 g), exposed for 63 days to eight stable ammonia concentrations, ranging from 0.24 to 0.90 mg l−1 unionised ammonia nitrogen (UIA-N), respectively, from 6.1 to 22.3 mg l−1 total ammonia nitrogen (TA-N). Temperature (21.8 °C), pH (8.0), salinity (37.0 ppt), and oxygen concentration (over 80% saturation at the outlet) were maintained constant. Fish were fed using a self-feeder device, and they were starved during the last 8 days. Mortality of 28.9 and 42.6% occurred within the first 8 days at the two highest UIA-N concentrations, respectively, 0.90 and 0.88 mg l−1. From days 0 to 55, a 1.8fold increase in weight gain was observed under the 0.90-mg l−1 UIA-N condition, compared to a 3.4fold increase in the control. Weight gains were negatively correlated to ambient ammonia concentrations. Weight loss, or a transient period of growth stagnation, was observed from the onset of ammonia exposure to day 13 in seabass exposed to concentrations above 0.43 mg l−1 UIA-N. After day 13, weight gains were observed in all groups, indicating that the fish were able to adapt to increased ambient ammonia concentrations over time. By the end of the experiment, plasma ammonia levels were positively related to ambient ammonia concentrations, and oxygen consumption recorded in fasting fish was significantly dependent on ammonia concentrations. In seabass juveniles, the 0.26mg l−1 UIA-N concentration, under an average pH of 8.0, can be considered as a safe long-term limit conditions in seawater.

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“…Indeed, rainbow trout refused to perform repetitive bouts of burst exercise when plasma lactate concentration exceeded 13·mmol·l -1 (Stevens and Black, 1966) and a poorer repeat Ucrit was found for sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka when plasma lactate concentration was >10·mmol·l -1 . In mammals, elevated plasma Tamm has been implicated in exercise fatigue (reviewed by Mutch and Banister, 1983) due to inhibitory influences on anaerobic metabolism (Zaleski and Bryla, 1977;Su and Storey, 1994), aerobic metabolism (McKhann and Tower, 1961;Avillo et al, 1981) and neuromuscular coordination (Binstock and Lecar, 1969;O'Neill and O'Donovan, 1979). Plasma Tamm also increases in rainbow trout during exercise (Turner et al, 1983;Wang et al, 1994; but see Beaumont et al, 1995a,b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of seasonal temperature on the repeat swimming performance of rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss

Jain

Farrell

2003

Journal of Experimental Biology

159

116

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). Given that metabolic recovery in skeletal muscle (muscle lactate, ATP and glycogen, but not PCr) occurs more rapidly at warm than cold temperatures in exhausted rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Kieffer et al., 1994;Wilkie et al., 1997;Kieffer, 2000), the expectation is that swimming performance is restored faster at a higher temperature. This expectation would be consistent with the known increase in both maximum oxygen uptake and maximum cardiac output with temperature (e.g. Butler et al., 1992;Farrell, 1997;Taylor et al., 1997) because an improved oxygen delivery system could support a more rapid recovery of the metabolic debt incurred with exhaustive exercise. However, when Atlantic salmon were angled rather than chased to exhaustion, muscle glycogen, intracellular pH and lactate were restored more rapidly under cold conditions than warm conditions (Wilkie et al., While the temperature dependence of exercise performance in fishes is reasonably well documented, information on the temperature dependence of metabolic recovery and reperformance is scant. This study examined the recovery of swimming performance after exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at seasonal temperatures ranging from 5 to 17°C and explored the relationship between performance and preceding metabolic state. The primary objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that increased temperature increases the capability of rainbow trout to repeat a critical swimming speed (U crit), as assessed by two consecutive critical swimming speed tests separated by a 40·min rest interval. An additional expectation was that certain plasma ionic, metabolic and humoral parameters would be correlated with how well fish reperformed and so plasma levels of lactate, potassium, ammonia, osmolality, sodium and cortisol, as well as hematocrit, were monitored before, during and after the swim challenges via an indwelling cannula in the dorsal aorta. As expected, performance in the first Ucrit test (Ucrit1) was positively related to temperature. However, the relationship between Ucrit1 and reperformance (Ucrit2) was not dependent on acclimation temperature in a simple manner. Contrary to our expectations, Ucrit2 was less than Ucrit1 for warmacclimated fish (14.9±1.0°C), whereas Ucrit2 equaled Ucrit1 for cold-acclimated fish (8.4±0.9°C). Cold-acclimated fish also exhibited a lower Ucrit1 and less metabolic disruption compared with warm-acclimated fish. Thus, while warm acclimation conferred a faster Ucrit1, a similar swimming speed could not be attained on subsequent swim after a 40·min recovery period. This finding does not support the hypothesis that the ability of rainbow trout to reperform on U crit test is improved with temperature. Both plasma lactate and plasma potassium levels were strongly correlated with Ucrit1 performance. Therefore, the higher Ucrit1 of warm-acclimated fish may have been due in part to a greater anaerobic swimming effort compared with cold-acclimated fish. In fact, a significant co...

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Effects of ammonia on liver lysosomal functionality in Salmo gairdneri rich

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Effect of chronic exposure to ammonia on growth, food utilisation and metabolism of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Effect of chronic exposure to ammonia on growth, food utilisation and metabolism of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Effect of chronic ammonia exposure on growth of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

Influence of seasonal temperature on the repeat swimming performance of rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss

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