Effects of ammonia energy fraction and diesel injection timing on combustion and emissions of an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine

Yousefi, Amin; Guo, Hongsheng; Dev, Shouvik; Liko, Brian; Lafrance, Simon

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122723

Cited by 206 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The split diesel pilot injection is a method to resolve this above problem because of the reduction in the injected diesel fuel impingement to the combustion chamber wall. The benefit of the split diesel injection strategy was also confirmed by Yousefi et al [101,102]. With the split diesel injection strategy, the ITE of the engine was increased up to 39.72%, which was higher than those obtained with a single injection strategy and neat diesel combustion.…”

Section: Ammonia-fueled Compression-ignition Enginesmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…For the ammonia-hydrocarbon-fueled engine, NO emission is highly dependent on the ammonia content in the fuel. Both the results from Reiter et al [94,95] and Yousefi et al [101,102] showed that when ammonia energy fraction is less than 40%, NO emissions of ammonia-diesel dual-fuel operation are lower than those using neat diesel fuel. This could be partially caused by lower combustion temperature so that the thermal NO is reduced and partially attributed to the DeNO x process (NH/ NH 2 + NO).…”

Section: Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Recent Progress on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia-Based Fuel Blends and Their Potential in Internal Combustion Engines

Zhu

Shu

2023

IJAMM

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Review Recent Progress on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia-Based Fuel Blends and Their Potential in Internal Combustion Engines Denghao Zhu , and Bo Shu * Department of Physical Chemistry, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, DE-38116 Braunschweig, Germany * Correspondence: bo.shu@ptb.de Received: 21 November 2022 Accepted: 22 December 2022 Published: 18 January 2023 Abstract: Ammonia has recently attracted numerous attentions from researchers and policy makers as promising energy and hydrogen carrier for mitigating the carbon footprints in the energy sector. The mature infrastructure for the production, storage, and transportation of ammonia allows a quick role of ammonia in energy systems. By applying green hydrogen and renewable energies, green ammonia can be produced, which makes ammonia even more attractive. Prior to the commercial use of ammonia for large-scale energy systems, e.g., internal combustion engines and stationary gas turbines, a fundamental understanding of the ignition and combustion behaviors of ammonia is essential. In the past decades, a lot of studies on ammonia combustion have been published. Those studies covered broad topics including experimental and numerical investigations which were either fundamental or practical oriented. To continuously follow state-of-the-art and to provide a brief overview of the most recent research on ammonia combustion so that others can easily identify the most relevant work, this review summarizes the recent progress on combustion characteristics of ammonia and ammonia fuel blends as well as their potential use in internal combustion engines. Combining the advantages and drawbacks identified in both fundamental and practical studies, a clearer road map for ammonia application is given.

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Section: Ammonia-fueled Compression-ignition Enginesmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Recent Progress on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia-Based Fuel Blends and Their Potential in Internal Combustion Engines

Zhu

Shu

2023

IJAMM

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“…A second approach to soot reduction has been the utilization of non carbon based fuels. Currently, hydrogen addition and ammonia addition are being explored as potential alternatives [15]- [18]. These alternatives have a competing issue with NOx production.…”

Section: Technological Advancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects Of Additives, Fuel Mixing, And Mechanically Induced Oscillations On Soot Formation

Serwin¹

2023

Preprint

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<p>Soot is a component of particulate matter (PM) as a bi-product of the combustion process of carbon-based fuels. In this thesis a new optical diagnostic technique for temperature measurements is developed. The effects of soot formation as a cause of fuel additives such as oxygen as well as fuel mixtures of ethylene, ethanol, DME and ethane are evaluated experimentally. Additionally, a novel experimental setup, designed to study the effects mechanical oscillations have on soot formation and temperature, is described and presented alongside experimental results for ethylene flames.</p> <p>Three distinct projects were completed as part of this thesis: (i) Various oxygenated flames and the effect of molecular and additive oxygen on soot formation was studied. (ii) A sudden decrease in soot concentration with oxygen addition was observed and this soot reversal effect due molecular oxygen addition was studied. (iii) A novel experimental setup was developed to study mechanically oscillating flame. Soot concentration and temperature were measured for various oscillation amplitudes and frequencies. The findings of this thesis show synergistic effects of soot production with oxygen addition and the effects of oscillations on soot formation.</p>

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“…Therefore, more recent studies aimed to optimize the performance and exhaust emissions of NH3/diesel-fueled engines to reduce GHG emissions without penalizing the performance. Yousefi et al (2022) investigated the effect of ammonia/diesel ratio and diesel injection strategy on the behavior of a single-cylinder, heavy-duty common rail dualfuel engine. Ammonia energy fraction was regulated through a port fuel injection.…”

Section: Ammonia As Fuel In Compression-ignition Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia as Green Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

et al. 2022

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Ammonia (NH3) is among the largest-volume chemicals produced and distributed in the world and is mainly known for its use as a fertilizer in the agricultural sector. In recent years, it has sparked interest in the possibility of working as a high-quality energy carrier and as a carbon-free fuel in internal combustion engines (ICEs). This review aimed to provide an overview of the research on the use of green ammonia as an alternative fuel for ICEs with a look to the future on possible applications and practical solutions to related problems. First of all, the ammonia production process is discussed. Present ammonia production is not a “green” process; the synthesis occurs starting from gaseous hydrogen currently produced from hydrocarbons. Some ways to produce green ammonia are reviewed and discussed. Then, the chemical and physical properties of ammonia as a fuel are described and explained in order to identify the main pros and cons of its use in combustion systems. Then, the most viable solutions for fueling internal combustion engines with ammonia are discussed. When using pure ammonia, high boost pressure and compression ratio are required to compensate for the low ammonia flame speed. In spark-ignition engines, adding hydrogen to ammonia helps in speeding up the flame front propagation and stabilizing the combustion. In compression-ignition engines, ammonia can be successfully used in dual-fuel mode with diesel. On the contrary, an increase in NOx and the unburned NH3 at the exhaust require the installation of apposite aftertreatment systems. Therefore, the use of ammonia seems to be more practicable for marine or stationary engine application where space constraints are not a problem. In conclusion, this review points out that ammonia has excellent potential to play a significant role as a sustainable fuel for the future in both retrofitted and new engines. However, significant further research and development activities are required before being able to consider large-scale industrial production of green ammonia. Moreover, uncertainties remain about ammonia safe and effective use and some technical issues need to be addressed to overcome poor combustion properties for utilization as a direct substitute for standard fuels.

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Effects of ammonia energy fraction and diesel injection timing on combustion and emissions of an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine

Cited by 206 publications

References 47 publications

Recent Progress on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia-Based Fuel Blends and Their Potential in Internal Combustion Engines

Recent Progress on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia-Based Fuel Blends and Their Potential in Internal Combustion Engines

Effects Of Additives, Fuel Mixing, And Mechanically Induced Oscillations On Soot Formation

Ammonia as Green Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

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