Effects of Almond- and Olive Oil-Based Docosahexaenoic- and Vitamin E-Enriched Beverage Dietary Supplementation on Inflammation Associated to Exercise and Age

Abstract

n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols are potential key factors for the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammation associated to ageing and non-communicable diseases. The aim was to analyse effects of an almond and olive oil beverage enriched with α-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic, exercise and age on inflammatory plasma markers, and immune gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Five young and five senior athletes who were supplemented for five weeks with a functional beverage performed a stress test under controlled conditions before and after beverage supplementation. Blood samples were taken immediately before and 1 h after each test. Plasma, erythrocytes and PBMCs were isolated. Beverage supplementation increased plasmatic Tumour Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) levels depending on age and exercise. Exercise increased plasma non esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), soluble Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (sICAM3) and soluble L-selectin (sL-Selectin), and this increase was attenuated by the supplementation. Exercise increased PGE2 plasma levels in supplemented young and in senior placebo athletes. Exercise increased NFkβ-activated levels in PBMCs, which are primed to a pro-inflammatory response increasing pro-inflammatory genes expression after the exercise mainly in the young group after the supplementation. The functional beverage supplementation to young athletes enhances a pro-inflammatory circulating environment in response to the exercise that was less evident in the senior group.

Antioxidant activity of oleuropein and semisynthetic acetyl-derivatives determined by measuring malondialdehyde in rat brain

“…Epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between the Mediterranean diet and a lowered incidence of pathologies such as cancer, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases . A key role in this diet's protective action is played by the presence of olive oil . Olive extracts are a natural source of polyphenols, widely considered to be potentially beneficial for health.…”

Exploring relationships between body condition score, body fat, activity level and inflammatory biomarkers

“…But horses having a higher frequency of interaction with their owners tend to receive more nutritional attention; a proposition that is supported by others who observe that people caring for fewer horses tend to have horses that are more overweight than people who are caring for a greater number of horses (Hitchens, Hultgren, Frössling, Emanuelson, & Keeling, ). Further support for the role of AL is evidence that high intensity exercise increases PL‐PGE 2 in equine (Lindinger, MacNicol, Karrow, & Pearson, ) and human athletes under acute exercise conditions (Capó, Martorell, Sureda, Riera et al., ; Capó, Martorell, Sureda, Tur, & Pons, ); an effect that may be augmented, at least in part, by increased production of PGE 2 by polymorphonuclear cells taken from trained vs untrained individuals (Capó, Martorell, Sureda, Riera et al., ). PGE 2 is an important contributor to adaptation to and/or recovery from exercise by inducing vasodilation (Capó, Martorell, Sureda, Riera et al., ), muscle hypertrophy (Burd et al., ) and resolution of inflammation (Serhan, ).…”

“…Further support for the role of AL is evidence that high intensity exercise increases PL‐PGE 2 in equine (Lindinger, MacNicol, Karrow, & Pearson, ) and human athletes under acute exercise conditions (Capó, Martorell, Sureda, Riera et al., ; Capó, Martorell, Sureda, Tur, & Pons, ); an effect that may be augmented, at least in part, by increased production of PGE 2 by polymorphonuclear cells taken from trained vs untrained individuals (Capó, Martorell, Sureda, Riera et al., ). PGE 2 is an important contributor to adaptation to and/or recovery from exercise by inducing vasodilation (Capó, Martorell, Sureda, Riera et al., ), muscle hypertrophy (Burd et al., ) and resolution of inflammation (Serhan, ). While the precise nature of the interaction between PGE 2 and exercise has not been defined, it is known that blockade of exercise‐induced PGE 2 production in athletes by administration of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs increases oxidative stress associated with the exercise bout (McAnulty et al., ), and inhibits exercise‐induced muscle protein synthesis (Trappe, White, Lambert, Hellerstein, & Evans, ).…”

Erythrocytes and Skeletal Muscle Unsaturated and Omega-6 Fatty Acids Are Positively Correlated after Caloric Restriction and Exercise

“…Muscle and erythrocyte FAs composition patterns change with the age. Age is a factor that alters the FAs composition of plasma and erythrocytes between young and senior athletes (22.3 ± 3.8 and 45.6 ± 1.6 years respectively) [9, 10]. Young children have more PUFAs than adults in muscle and erythrocytes [17].…”

“…The fatty acid (FA) composition of the diet is known to influence the FAs composition of stored and structural lipids in different body parts, such as serum/plasma lipids [5-10], erythrocyte membranes [7, 9-11], buccal epithelial cells [12], adipose tissue [13, 14], skeletal muscle [15-19] and immune cells [20]. Dietary FAs influence FAs incorporation into the cell membranes modulating their cellular functions [21-25].…”