Effects of air pollutants on occurrences of influenza-like illness and laboratory-confirmed influenza in Hefei, China

Liu, Xuxiang; Li, Yapeng; Qin, Guoyou; Zhu, Yibing; Li, Xiaoru; Zhang, Junqing; Zhao, Kuaile; Hu, Mingxia; Wang, Xiling; Zheng, Xueying

doi:10.1007/s00484-018-1633-0

Cited by 61 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…A reason proposed for the higher mortality rates in some communities during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic was that they were near to coal-fired electricity generating plants [125]. Recent studies have confirmed that air pollution, from combustion sources, increases the risk of influenza [126,127]. The highest concentration of these plants is in the northeast, where solar UVB doses are lowest.…”

Section: Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

et al. 2020

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The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40-60 ng/mL (100-150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D 3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

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Section: Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

et al. 2020

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“…A reason proposed for higher mortality rates in some communities during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic was that they were near to coal-fired electricity generating plants [125]. Recent studies have confirmed that air pollution from combustion sources increases risk of influenza [126], [127]. The highest concentration of these plants is in the northeast, where solar UVB doses are lowest.…”

Section: Rsvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence That Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

Grant

Lahore

McDonnell

et al. 2020

Preprint

579

595

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The world is in the grips of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increase concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome, and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/ml (100–150 nmol/l). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

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“…Few studies explained the direct causative effects of ambient pollutants and other similar causative agents like cigarette smoke extracts, diesel exhaust on various lung infections and especially on the severity of common cold occur by rhinovirus [37, 41, 48]. Different studies provide varied results over the impact of particulate matter in lung infections, as they are from different geographical origins [44, 49, 50]. In a developing country like India, the level of ambient airborne particulate matter, especially PM 10 , increased in the past decade due to heavy industrialization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imperative role of particulate matter in innate immunity during RNA virus infection

Mishra

Pandikannan

Gangamma

et al. 2020

Preprint

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25Sensing of pathogens by specialized receptors is the hallmark of the innate immune response. 26Innate immune response also mounts a defense response against various allergens and pollutants 27 including particulate matter present in the atmosphere. Air pollution has been included as the top 28 threat to global health declared by WHO which aims to cover more than three billion people against 29 health emergencies from 2019-2023. Particulate matter (PM), one of the major components of air 30 pollution, is a significant risk factor for many human diseases and its adverse effects include 31 morbidity and premature deaths throughout the world. Several clinical and epidemiological studies 32 have identified a key link between the PM composition and the prevalence of respiratory and 33 inflammatory disorders. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. 34Here, we investigated the influence of air pollutant, PM10 during RNA virus infections using highly 35 pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). We thus characterized the transcriptomic profile of lung 36 epithelial cell line, A549 treated with PM10 prior to infection with (HPAI) H5N1 influenza virus, 37 which is known to severely affect the lung and cause respiratory damage. We found that PM10 38 regulates virus infectivity and enhances overall pathogenic burden in the lung cells. Additionally, 39 the transcriptomic profile highlights the connection of host factors related to various metabolic 40 pathways and immune responses which were dysregulated during virus infection. Overall our 41 findings suggest a strong link between the prevalence of respiratory illness and the air quality. 42 43 44 45 Keywords: Particulate Matter (PM10), Virus Infection, Infectious Disease, Innate Immunity and 46 Metabolic Pathways-Related Genes. 47India and associated health concerns in term of occurrence of disease [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Although, most of 65 the studies were based on the epidemiological data and cross-sectional studies, there were few 66 studies about involvement of PM in respiratory diseases [20][21][22], asthma [23], cancer [24-27], 67 tuberculosis [28, 29] . It has been known that PM can induce innate immunity and can change the 68 level of cytokines, upon its exposure to the airways of humans [30][31][32][33]. PM were readily associated 69 with respiratory infections such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [34][35][36][37] and it 70 is also reported to be associated with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus 71infections. [38][39][40][41]. Yet these studies are limited to epidemiological, cross -sectional studies [22, 72 42-44]. 73Here, we isolated and characterized PM10 from a heavily industrialized city Bengaluru, India and 74 checked its effect on RNA virus infection. We observed and concluded that PM10 hijacks the innate 75 immune system upon viral infection and significantly enhanced the viral replication of the RNA 76 viruses like new-castle disease virus (NDV), influenza virus -H1N1 (PR8) and H5N1. By 77...

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Effects of air pollutants on occurrences of influenza-like illness and laboratory-confirmed influenza in Hefei, China

Cited by 61 publications

References 41 publications

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

Evidence That Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

Imperative role of particulate matter in innate immunity during RNA virus infection

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