Effects of aging, sex, and physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercise.

Ogawa, Takeshi; Spina, Robert J.; Martin, W. H.; Kohrt, Wendy M.; Schechtman, Ken; Holloszy, John O.; Ehsani, Ali A.

doi:10.1161/01.cir.86.2.494

Cited by 547 publications

(462 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Consistent with our findings, Seals et al 27 failed to demonstrate an increase in maximal cardiac output despite effective exercise training in subjects averaging 63 years of age. This contrasts with the findings of several previous longitudinal studies in young 6,13,28,29 and old 6,29 subjects. Differences in selection and screening of normal subjects, training methods, and measurement techniques offer plausible explanations for these discrepancies.…”

Section: Exercise Trainingcontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 This decline is proportional to a decreased cardiac output reserve, peak heart rate, and peak stroke volume in older subjects. [3][4][5][6] The age-associated decline in maximal oxygen consumption can be attenuated by habitual aerobic exercise, although the mechanism is unclear. [7][8][9][10][11] Although it has been shown that exercise training can augment both cardiac output and the AV oxygen difference in younger subjects, 12,13 these components have not been measured in older subjects before and after exercise intervention.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Aerobic Exercise Training Can Reverse Age-Related Peripheral Circulatory Changes in Healthy Older Men

et al. 1999

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Background-The age-related decline in maximal oxygen consumption is attenuated by habitual aerobic exercise.However, the relative effects of training on central and peripheral responses to exercise in older subjects are not known. The present study assessed the contribution of central and peripheral responses to the age-associated decline in peak oxygen consumption and compared the effect of exercise training in healthy older and younger subjects. Methods and Results-Ten older and 13 younger men underwent invasive measurement of central and peripheral cardiovascular responses during an upright, staged cycle exercise test before and after a 3-month period of exercise training with cycle ergometry. At baseline, cardiac output and AV oxygen difference during exercise were significantly lower in older subjects. With training, the older and younger groups increased maximal oxygen consumption by 17.8% and 20.2%, respectively. Peak cardiac output was unchanged in both groups. Systemic AV oxygen difference increased 14.4% in the older group and 14.3% in the younger group and accounted for changes in peak oxygen consumption. Peak leg blood flow increased by 50% in older subjects, whereas the younger group showed no significant change. There was no change in peak leg oxygen extraction in the older group, but in the younger group, leg AV oxygen difference increased by 15.4%. Conclusions-These findings suggest that the age-related decline in maximal oxygen consumption results from a reversible deconditioning effect on the distribution of cardiac output to exercising muscle and an age-related reduction in cardiac output reserve.

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Section: Exercise Trainingcontrasting

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Aerobic Exercise Training Can Reverse Age-Related Peripheral Circulatory Changes in Healthy Older Men

et al. 1999

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“…Regarding gender, the slightly higher COP values found in women are probably related to the fact that they have lower values of VO 2 max 37 and ventilation, when compared to men, remembering that, as with the equations 26,38,39 that predict ventilatory variables at resting spirometry, body size is taken into account and typically women are smaller than men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ponto ótimo cardiorrespiratório: uma variável submáxima do teste cardiopulmonar de exercício

Ramos¹,

Ricardo²,

Araújo³

2012

Arq. Bras. Cardiol.

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“…Typically, maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) falls steadily from 35 to 40 years of age at a rate of ∼10 % per decade (Fleg et al 2005;Hawkins and Wiswell 2003;McGuire et al 2001a;Ogawa et al 1992;Tanaka and Seals 2008). Although this decline in aerobic capacity with increasing age is often considered to be inevitable, it seems that this fall can be decelerated, maintained, or even reversed in the elderly by maintaining a high level of physical activity (Faulkner et al 2008;Fujimoto et al 2010;Grimsmo et al 2010;Heath et al 1981;McGuire et al 2001b;Murias et al 2010;Osteras et al 2005;Posner et al 1986;Rogers et al 1990;Trappe et al 2013;Trappe et al 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, by experimental design, despite knee-extensor exercise demanding far less than maximal cardiac output in both groups, the elderly exhibited attenuated blood flow which was compensated for by a higher arterio-venous oxygen difference (a-vO 2diff ) (Lawrenson et al 2004). It is possible that this alternative approach to achieve the same VO 2 in the old is an advantageous adaptation related to limited O 2 transport and more specifically the age-induced decline in maximal cardiac output (Hagberg et al 1985;Ogawa et al 1992). Surprisingly, to our knowledge, there has not been a study that investigated the impact of aging on the plasticity of whole body exercise capacity in young and old subjects with the same initial levels of VO 2max .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-training-induced changes in metabolic capacity with age: the role of central cardiovascular plasticity

Wang

Næss

Hoff

et al. 2013

AGE

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Although aging is typically associated with a decline in maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ), young and old subjects, of similar initial muscle metabolic capacity, increased quadriceps VO 2max equally when this small muscle mass was trained in isolation. As it is unclear if this preserved exercise-induced plasticity with age is still evident with centrally challenging whole body exercise, we assessed maximal exercise responses in 13 young (24±2 years) and 13 old (60± 3 years) males, matched for cycling VO 2max (3.82±0.66 and 3.69±0.30 L min −1 , respectively), both before and after 8 weeks of high aerobic intensity cycle exercise training. As a consequence of the training both young and old significantly improved VO 2max (13±6 vs. 6± 7 %) and maximal power output (20±6 vs. 10±6 %, respectively) from baseline, however, the young exhibited a significantly larger increase than the old. Similarly, independently assessed maximal cardiac output (Q max ) tended to increase more in the young (16 ±14 %) than in the old (11±12 %), with no change in a-vO 2 difference in either group. Further examination of the components of Q max provided additional evidence of reduced exercise-induced plasticity in both maximal heart rate (young −3 %, old 0 %) and stroke volume (young 19± 15, old 11± 11 %) in the old. In combination, these findings imply that limited central cardiovascular plasticity may be responsible, at least in part, for the attenuated response to whole body exercise training with increasing age.

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Effects of aging, sex, and physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercise.

Cited by 547 publications

References 36 publications

Aerobic Exercise Training Can Reverse Age-Related Peripheral Circulatory Changes in Healthy Older Men

Aerobic Exercise Training Can Reverse Age-Related Peripheral Circulatory Changes in Healthy Older Men

Ponto ótimo cardiorrespiratório: uma variável submáxima do teste cardiopulmonar de exercício

Exercise-training-induced changes in metabolic capacity with age: the role of central cardiovascular plasticity

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