Effects of aging on the lateral transmission of force in rat skeletal muscle

Zhang, Chi; Gao, Yingxin

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.01.026

Cited by 49 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…The simplification of the model allows us to identify the critical factors that affect the force transmission, which can be used to optimize the experimental design. We also recognized that selection of mechanical and geometrical parameters used in the model affects the stress distribution and force transmission (Gao et al, 2009; Sharafi and Blemker, 2011; Zhang and Gao, 2012; Zhang and Gao, 2014). However, the aim of the study is not to predict the exact value of the force that can be transmitted to the end; instead, it is to understand the change of trend in force transmission with decreased density or stiffness of proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lateral transmission is impaired with aging, leading to decreased specific force (force/area) of whole muscle (Zhang and Gao, 2012; Zhang and Gao, 2014). The mechanisms causing the impairment are not fully understood (Zhang and Gao, 2014). Although aging induced changes in ECM contribute to impaired lateral transmission, they do not fully explain the ∼20% reduction in specific force of aged muscle (Zhang and Gao, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of transmembrane proteins on force transmission in skeletal muscle

Zhang

Gao

2014

Journal of Biomechanics

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Lateral transmission of force from myofibers laterally to the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) via the transmembrane proteins between them is impaired in old muscles. Changes in geometrical and mechanical properties of ECM of skeletal muscle do not fully explain the impaired lateral transmission with aging. The objective of this study was to determine the role of transmembrane proteins on force transmission in skeletal muscle. In this study, a 2D finite element model of single muscle fiber composed of myofiber, ECM, and the transmembrane proteins between them was developed to determine how changes in spatial density and mechanical properties of transmembrane proteins affect the force transmission in skeletal muscle. We found that force transmission and stress distribution are not affected by mechanical stiffness of the transmembrane proteins due to its non-linear stress-strain relationship. Results also showed that the muscle fiber with insufficient transmembrane proteins near the end of muscle fiber transmitted less force than that with more proteins does. Higher stress was observed in myofiber, ECM, and proteins in the muscle fiber with fewer proteins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of transmembrane proteins on force transmission in skeletal muscle

Zhang

Gao

2014

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…1–2 for allowed to estimate the amount of force transmitted via intermuscular connective tissues pathways. A similar approach has been used previously to quantify myofascial force transmission between the multiple heads of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (Zhang and Gao 2014) and changes in the mechanical effect of flexor carpi ulnaris after dissection from surrounding connective tissues in the rat (Maas et al. 2013).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A lumped stiffness model of intermuscular and extramuscular myofascial pathways of force transmission

Bernabei

Maas

Dieën

2016

Biomech Model Mechanobiol

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Mechanical behavior of skeletal muscles is commonly modeled under the assumption of mechanical independence between individual muscles within a muscle group. Epimuscular myofascial force transmission via the connective tissue network surrounding a muscle challenges this assumption as it alters the force distributed to the tendons of individual muscles. This study aimed to derive a lumped estimate of stiffness of the intermuscular and extramuscular connective tissues and to assess changes in such stiffness in response to a manipulation of the interface between adjacent muscles. Based on in situ measurements of force transmission in the rat plantar flexors, before and after resection of their connective tissue network, a nonlinear estimate of epimuscular myofascial stiffness was quantified and included in a multi-muscle model with lumped parameters which allows for force transmission depending on the relative position between the muscles in the group. Such stiffness estimate was assessed for a group with normal intermuscular connective tissues and for a group with increased connectivity, mimicking scar tissue development. The model was able to successfully predict the amount of epimuscular force transmission for different experimental conditions than those used to obtain the model parameters. The proposed nonlinear stiffness estimates of epimuscular pathways could be integrated in larger musculoskeletal models, to provide more accurate predictions of force when effects of mechanical interaction or altered epimuscular connections, e.g. after surgery or injury, are substantial.

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“…Longitudinal force relates to the transmission along muscle fibers from Z-line to Z-line via the myotendinous junction to the tendon. By contrast, lateral force transmission shuttles force out of each sarcomere to the overlying connective tissue and extracellular matrix and from there to the tendon (38,120). This review discusses the cytoskeleton proteins that have been identified to play a role in muscle force transmission (longitudinal and lateral) and where possible highlights how disease, aging, and exercise influence the expression and function of these proteins.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of aging, exercise, and disease on force transfer in skeletal muscle

Hughes

Wallace

Baar

2015

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Hughes DC, Wallace MA, Baar K. Effects of aging, exercise, and disease on force transfer in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 309: E1-E10, 2015. First published May 12, 2015; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00095.2015.-The loss of muscle strength and increased injury rate in aging skeletal muscle has previously been attributed to loss of muscle protein (cross-sectional area) and/or decreased neural activation. However, it is becoming clear that force transfer within and between fibers plays a significant role in this process as well. Force transfer involves a secondary matrix of proteins that align and transmit the force produced by the thick and thin filaments along muscle fibers and out to the extracellular matrix. These specialized networks of cytoskeletal proteins aid in passing force through the muscle and also serve to protect individual fibers from injury. This review discusses the cytoskeleton proteins that have been identified as playing a role in muscle force transmission, both longitudinally and laterally, and where possible highlights how disease, aging, and exercise influence the expression and function of these proteins. force transmission; dystrophin-glycoprotein complex; injury; aging ON AVERAGE, HUMANS LOSE AROUND 45% of their muscle mass between their mid-20s and 80s (47,70,71). This loss in muscle mass in the absence of disease is known as sarcopenia (60). The decline in muscle mass is accompanied by, but cannot fully explain, a rapid loss in muscle strength (64). The loss in muscle strength has previously been investigated from the perspectives of loss of muscle protein mass (cross-sectional area) and decreased neural activation. A third possibility, impaired force transfer, has received the least attention in relation to aging, exercise, and disease (66,90,102). However, recent advances in our understanding of this process suggest that force transfer plays an important role in muscle strength and injury prevention, and this fact is the focus of this review. Force TransferOver 60 years ago, Andrew Huxley and his students used electron microscopy to show that during muscle contraction the I-band (containing the thin filament) shortened whereas the A-band (containing the thick filament) remained a constant length (39). Their famous "sliding theory of muscle contraction" provided an image of a muscle shortening end to end as the A-bands drew closer together. Implied in this model is that force is transferred in a longitudinal manner as a result of sarcomere shortening. However, a deeper consideration of this model requires that there be a secondary matrix of proteins that are not visible to the electron microscope, proteins that transmit the force produced by the thick and thin filaments along the muscle fiber to the tendons. These specialized networks of cytoskeletal proteins transmit force through the muscle to the tendon and also serve to protect individual fibers from injury.An important structure in these networks is the "costamere", which connects the sarcolemma with the contractile appar...

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Effects of aging on the lateral transmission of force in rat skeletal muscle

Cited by 49 publications

References 30 publications

The role of transmembrane proteins on force transmission in skeletal muscle

The role of transmembrane proteins on force transmission in skeletal muscle

A lumped stiffness model of intermuscular and extramuscular myofascial pathways of force transmission

Effects of aging, exercise, and disease on force transfer in skeletal muscle

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