There is lack of information concerning how the ratio of adiponectin to leptin in serum affects breast cancer (Brca) proliferation. It is possible that the link between obesity and increased risk for aggressive Brca is in part due to the milieu of cytokines synthesized and released by the adipose tissue [1]. Adiponectin (also known as adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa (Acrp30)) and leptin are two specific cytokines secreted by the adipose tissue. Acrp30 serum levels decrease with increasing fatness while leptin levels increase. Functionally, they appear to oppose each other's actions. Acrp30 can block proliferation of Brca cells [2]. In vitro assays have shown that a number of different Brca cell lines express one or both of the Acrp30 receptors and show reduced growth and/or increased apoptosis in response to Acrp30 [3]. Leptin has been implicated as a growth-promoting factor for Brca [1]. Animal studies also support a role for leptin in mammary tumor development as evidenced by the fact that mice deficient in leptin, Lep ob Lep ob [4], or with non-functioning leptin receptors, Lepr db Lepr db [5], did not develop transgene-induced mammary tumors. It is possible that the levels of adiponectin and leptin receptors, as well as the balance of serum adiponectin and leptin, are critical factors in mammary tumorigenesis.We investigated the effects of Acrp30 and a naturally truncated form known as globular Acrp30 [6] (gAcrp30) in the presence or absence of leptin. There are two different Acrp30 receptors, designated as AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 [7]. Full-length Acrp30 binds with highest affinity to AdipoR2, and gAcrp30 binds with highest affinity to AdipoR1 [7]. The serum levels of gAcrp30 in women with Brca have not yet been fully investigated, nor has the role of gAcrp30 in Brca development. We performed proliferation assays with the MDA-MB-231 (MDA-wt) ERα negative Brca cell line and the MDA-ERα7 cell line which we developed by stably integrating the ERα gene such that it now exhibits increased growth in vivo in the presence of exogenous estradiol [8]. Leptin is present in the serum of almost all humans in the range of 5-50 ng/ ml [9]. However, in obese individuals levels in excess of 100 ng/ml are common. The addition of leptin (50 ng/ml) to these two cell lines caused a slight increase in proliferation ( Figure 1A) for both the MDA-wt and MDA-ERα7 cells after 48 h. Acrp30 is measured in human serum in the range of 2-20 μg/ml and is negatively correlated with body weight, BMI, body fat and serum leptin in women [10]. When these two cell lines were treated with Acrp30 and gAcrp30 there was a reduction in proliferation of the MDA-wt and MDA-ERα7 cells as compared to leptintreated cells. To investigate how changes in the ratio of leptin and Acrp30 or gAcrp30 affect cell growth, we performed proliferation assays using ratios of Acrp30 to leptin that simulate the physiological balance found with increasing body weight, i.e., by decreasing adiponectin and increasing leptin. A high ratio of Acrp30 to leptin caused...