“…At a certain rated air volume, the pressure drop of V-shaped, cylinder and plate filters were 336 Pa, 136 Pa and 308 Pa respectively, and their energy consumption over the whole life cycle was 2622 kWh, 782 kWh and 1222 kWh. Suksuntornsiri and others [120] analysed the effects of additional high-efficiency filters (the filter sheet area can be manually adjusted) on air-conditioning units in the Thai climate. Energy consumption of the system increased by 15% and 11% per hour when 100% and 50% filtration was used, respectively.…”
Section: Impacts Of Hvac System Operation On Energy Consumptionmentioning
Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is favourable for regulating indoor temperature, relative humidity, airflow pattern and air quality. However, HVAC systems may turn out to be the culprit of microbial contamination in enclosed spaces and deteriorate the environment due to inappropriate design and operation. In the context of COVID-19, significant transformations and new requirements are occurring in HVAC systems. Recently, several updated operational guidelines for HVAC systems have been issued by various institutions to control the airborne transmission and mitigate infection risks in enclosed environments. Challenges and innovations emerge in response to operational variations of HVAC systems. To efficiently prevent the spread of the pandemic and reduce infection risks, it is essential to have an overall understanding of impacts caused by COVID-19 on HVAC systems. Therefore, the objectives of this article are to: (a) provide a comprehensive review of the airborne transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in enclosed spaces and a theoretical basis for HVAC operation guideline revision; (b) investigate HVAC-related guidelines to clarify the operational variations of HVAC systems during the pandemic; (c) analyse how operational variations of HVAC systems affect energy consumption; and (d) identify the innovations and research trends concerning future HVAC systems. Furthermore, this paper compares the energy consumption of HVAC system operation during the normal times versus pandemic period, based on a case study in China, providing a reference for other countries around the world. Results of this paper offer comprehensive insights into how to keep indoor environments safe while maintaining energy-efficient operation of HVAC systems.
“…At a certain rated air volume, the pressure drop of V-shaped, cylinder and plate filters were 336 Pa, 136 Pa and 308 Pa respectively, and their energy consumption over the whole life cycle was 2622 kWh, 782 kWh and 1222 kWh. Suksuntornsiri and others [120] analysed the effects of additional high-efficiency filters (the filter sheet area can be manually adjusted) on air-conditioning units in the Thai climate. Energy consumption of the system increased by 15% and 11% per hour when 100% and 50% filtration was used, respectively.…”
Section: Impacts Of Hvac System Operation On Energy Consumptionmentioning
Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is favourable for regulating indoor temperature, relative humidity, airflow pattern and air quality. However, HVAC systems may turn out to be the culprit of microbial contamination in enclosed spaces and deteriorate the environment due to inappropriate design and operation. In the context of COVID-19, significant transformations and new requirements are occurring in HVAC systems. Recently, several updated operational guidelines for HVAC systems have been issued by various institutions to control the airborne transmission and mitigate infection risks in enclosed environments. Challenges and innovations emerge in response to operational variations of HVAC systems. To efficiently prevent the spread of the pandemic and reduce infection risks, it is essential to have an overall understanding of impacts caused by COVID-19 on HVAC systems. Therefore, the objectives of this article are to: (a) provide a comprehensive review of the airborne transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in enclosed spaces and a theoretical basis for HVAC operation guideline revision; (b) investigate HVAC-related guidelines to clarify the operational variations of HVAC systems during the pandemic; (c) analyse how operational variations of HVAC systems affect energy consumption; and (d) identify the innovations and research trends concerning future HVAC systems. Furthermore, this paper compares the energy consumption of HVAC system operation during the normal times versus pandemic period, based on a case study in China, providing a reference for other countries around the world. Results of this paper offer comprehensive insights into how to keep indoor environments safe while maintaining energy-efficient operation of HVAC systems.
“…The residual and leaked particles remain as a result of their accumulation on the fan and its blades, but with routine and periodic maintenance work, the airborne microbes and bacteria that are deposited on them will be eliminated. Suksuntornsiri et al [ 117 ] added a high-efficiency air filter on three different stages; i.e., normal, partial and full filter of a split-wall air conditioner to prevent the loading of indoor air from small particles of PM 2.5 and PM 10 and its effect on the cooling performance of the split type air conditioning unit operating in the Thai climate. The experiments were carried out by testing the conditioning with the following parameters: refrigeration capacity, sensible heat ratio (SHR), and energy efficiency ratio (EER).…”
The coronavirus has come to the world and spread with great wide among the countries of the world and has resulted in numerous infections that exceeded 110,518,566 million patients and are close to 2.5 deaths by September 2020. It also brought with it panic and fear, halted many activities, and led to the decline of the global economy. It changed human behavior and forced people to change their lifestyles to avoid infection. One of the most sectors that must be taken into consideration through pandemic coronavirus (COVID-19) around the globe is the air conditioning systems. The HVAC systems depend on the air as a heat transfer medium. The air contains a group of pollutants, viruses, and bacteria, and it affects and destroys human life. The air filter plays a major role as an important component in the air conditioning systems. Thus, it requires more effort by researchers to improve its design to prevent the ultra-size of particles loaded with coronavirus (COVID-19). This paper provides insight into the design of existing combined air-conditioners on their suitability and their impact on the spread of the hybrid coronavirus epidemic and review efforts to obtain a highly efficient air filter to get rid of super-sized particles for protection against epidemic infection. In addition, important guideline recommendations have been made to limit the spread of the COVID-19 virus and to obtain indoor air quality in air-conditioned places.
Indoor air pollution is a major issue in developing countries such as India and Bangladesh, exacerbated by factors like traditional cooking methods, insufficient ventilation, and cramped living conditions, all of which elevate the risk of health issues like lung infections and cardiovascular diseases. With the World Health Organization associating around 3.2 million annual deaths globally to household air pollution, the gravity of the problem is clear. Yet, extensive empirical studies exploring these unique patterns and indoor pollution’s extent are missing. To fill this gap, we carried out a six months long field study involving over 30 households, uncovering the complexity of indoor air pollution in developing countries, such as the longer lingering time of VOCs in the air or the significant influence of air circulation on the spatiotemporal distribution of pollutants. We introduced an innovative IoT air quality sensing platform, the Distributed Air QuaLiTy MONitor (
DALTON
), explicitly designed to meet the needs of these nations, considering factors like cost, sensor type, accuracy, network connectivity, power, and usability. As a result of a multi-device deployment, the platform identifies pollution hot-spots in low and middle-income households in developing nations. It identifies best practices to minimize daily indoor pollution exposure. Our extensive qualitative survey estimates an overall system usability score of 2.04, indicating an efficient system for air quality monitoring.
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