“…In rats stimulation of the immune system through various means is known to create cognitive disturbances, particularly memory difficulties (Chen et al, 2008;Eckel et al, 2011;Gareau et al, 2011;Kranjac et al, 2012;Swanepoel et al, 2011;Woodruff et al, 2011). Neuroinflammation, as discussed already, is a consequence of brain injury, and it is associated with the cognitive deficits in animal models independent of cell death (Khuman et al, 2011).…”