Effects of active muscle forces on driver’s lower-limb injuries due to emergency brake in various frontal impacts

Abstract

Accident data shows that driver’s kinematics response in real accidents can be significantly different from that in dummy or cadaver tests because of driver’s muscle contraction. In this study, a finite element human-body model consisting of an upper body of a dummy model and a lower limb–pelvis biomechanical model with three-dimensional active muscles was developed to investigate in depth the lower-limb injuries. Driver’s emergency reaction during frontal impact was simulated by modelling muscle active contraction based on a series of volunteer experimental tests. Besides, a realistic impact environment with the response of the restraint system and the invasion of the driver’s compartment was established in this study. The results show that muscle contraction can cause extra loads on lower limbs during the impact, which can increase the injury risk of lower limbs. As for the femur injury, muscle contraction caused an additional 1 kN axial load on the femur, and the femur resultant bending moment of active models was also higher by about 10–40 N m. Besides, the tibial index of the model with muscle activation was about 0.1 higher. In addition, the results indicate that the femur injury is strongly related to the combined action of both axial force and bending moment. The variation of the injury tolerance along the tibia shaft should be considered when evaluating the tibia injury. Overall, the current lower-limb injury criteria can be still the lack of robustness.

Pattern of Injuries among Victims of Motor Car Accidents admitted to Tanta University Emergency Hospital

“…However, the association between them was non-significant. A result that coincides with El Bakash et al (2016) Both upper and lower limb injuries could be considered as defense injuries, because the driver exerts severe stress on his lower limbs trying to press the brake pedal for emergency braking (Knight, 1996, El Bakash et al, 2016and Li et al, 2020. However, many factors might influence upper and lower limb injuries e.g., driver size, pre-collision posture, seat installation position, seat back angle, seat belts use and vehicle speed (Xiao et al, 2022).…”