Effects of activated carbon on the reactions of free chlorine with phenols

Voudrias, Evangelos A.; Larson, Richard A.; Snoeyink, Vernon L.

doi:10.1021/es00135a010

Cited by 46 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(28 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Chlorinated and hydroxylated benzoic acids (compounds 12 and 17) were also identified in the extract. These compounds appear to be derived by carboxylation of the phenol ring system at the GAC surface; similar compounds have been observed in previous studies of phenolic compound-GAC-disinfectant reactions (5,12).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Aqueous solutions of the phenolic compound (1 x 10-5 -5 x 10-4 M) and HOCl (2 x 10-5 -1 x 1o-4 M) were pumped separately through a 1 x 8 cm column of virgin F-400 GAC (Calgon, Pittsburgh, PA) at 10 mL/min. In other experiments, HOCI was pumped first and then phenolic compound was applied (5). The GAC was removed, centrifuged, and extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with 1:20 volume/volume (v/v) methanol: methylene chloride for 24 hr.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Hypochlorous acid-activated carbon: an oxidizing agent capable of producing hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls.

Voudrias¹,

Larson²,

Snoeyink³

et al. 1986

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Granular activated carbon (GAC), in the presence of dilute aqueous hypochlorite solutions typical of those used in water treatment, was converted to a reagent capable of carrying out free-radical coupling reactions and other oxidations of dilute aqueous solutions of phenols. The products included biphenyls with chlorine and hydroxyl substitution (hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls). For example, 2,4-dichlorophenol, a common constituent of wastewaters and also natural waters treated with hypochlorite, was converted to 3,5,5'trichloro-2,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl and several related compounds in significant amounts. It is possible that these products pose more of a health hazard than either the starting phenols or the unhydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl derivatives.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypochlorous acid-activated carbon: an oxidizing agent capable of producing hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls.

Voudrias¹,

Larson²,

Snoeyink³

et al. 1986

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…55 Addition ally, Cl 2 reacts with th e GAC an d differen t adsorbed organ ics, e.g., ph en olic com pou n ds an d an ilin es, to form ch lorin ated organ ics n ot form ed in th e liqu id ph ase. [95][96][97][98] Th e ability to decom pose oxidan t residu als m igh t be part of th e reason wh y GAC h as been th ou gh t to sign ifican tly en h an ce biofiltration .…”

Section: Researchers Should Document the Point In The Filter Cycle Atmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological filtration for BOM and particle removal: a critical review

Urfer¹,

Huck²,

Booth³

et al. 1997

Journal AWWA

141

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The authors review key parameters and engineering variables influencing biological filtration and identify areas requiring further research. Biological filtration, an important process step for the production of microbially safe and aesthetically pleasing drinking water, has attracted increased attention within the water industry. In many cases, the most economical way to implement biological rapid filtration is to achieve biodegradable organic matter (BOM) removal and particle removal within the same filter unit, i.e., single‐stage biological filtration. This requires optimization of the filtration process, keeping in mind both treatment goals: BOM and particle removal. This article presents a critical review of the key parameters and engineering variables influencing the biological performance, as well as the conventional performance, of biologically active filters. Several areas requiring further research have been identified.

show abstract

“…Gallard and von Gunten, 2002;Uyguner et al, 2004). Voudrias et al (1985) report the reaction of phenolic compounds like phenol, catechol, and guaiacol with free chlorine by drinking water treatment processes and the formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds. Norwood et al (1980) studied the chlorination of selected aromatic model substances of aquatic humic material and found the formation of chloroacetic acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halogenation processes of secondary organic aerosol and implications on halogen release mechanisms

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Reactive halogen species (RHS), such as X·, X 2 and HOX containing X = chlorine and/or bromine, are released by various sources like photo-activated sea-salt aerosol or from salt pans, and salt lakes. Despite many studies of RHS reactions, the potential of RHS reacting with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and organic aerosol derived from biomass-burning (BBOA) has been neglected. Such reactions can constitute sources of gaseous organohalogen compounds or halogenated organic matter in the tropospheric boundary layer and can influence physicochemical properties of atmospheric aerosols.Model SOA from α-pinene, catechol, and guaiacol was used to study heterogeneous interactions with RHS. Particles were exposed to molecular chlorine and bromine in an aerosol smog-chamber in the presence of UV/VIS irradiation and to RHS, released from simulated natural halogen sources like salt pans. Subsequently, the aerosol was characterized in detail using a variety of physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Fundamental features were correlated with heterogeneous halogenation, which results in new functional groups (FTIR spectroscopy), changes UV/VIS absorption, chemical composition (ultrahigh resolution mass spectroscopy (ICR-FT/MS)), or aerosol size distribution. However, the halogen release mechanisms were also found to be affected by the presence of organic aerosol. Those interaction processes, changing chemical and physical properties of the aerosol are likely to influence e.g. the ability of the aerosol to act as cloud condensation nuclei, its potential to adsorb other gases with low-volatility, or its contribution to radiative forcing and ultimately the Earth's radiation balance.

show abstract

Effects of activated carbon on the reactions of free chlorine with phenols

Cited by 46 publications

References 16 publications

Hypochlorous acid-activated carbon: an oxidizing agent capable of producing hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls.

Hypochlorous acid-activated carbon: an oxidizing agent capable of producing hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls.

Biological filtration for BOM and particle removal: a critical review

Halogenation processes of secondary organic aerosol and implications on halogen release mechanisms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About