Effects of acetaminophen in Brassica juncea L. Czern.: investigation of uptake, translocation, detoxification, and the induced defense pathways

Abstract

The major metabolic pathways in mammals are conjugation with activated sulfate and glucuronic acid, while a small amount of acetaminophen forms a chemically reactive and highly toxic, hydroxylated metabolite. We identified a glutathionyl and a glycoside conjugate, which refer to the similarities to mammalian detoxification. Increased GST activities in leaf tissues were observed correlated with the appearance of the acetaminophen-glutathione conjugate which shows the involvement of this enzyme group in the metabolism of acetaminophen in plants to organic pollutants and xenobiotics. High acetaminophen concentrations lead to oxidative stress and irreversible damages in the plants, which necessitates further investigations using lower drug concentrations for the deeper understanding of the induced detoxification-and defense processes.

Plant uptake of pharmaceutical and personal care products from recycled water and biosolids: a review

“…Huber and coworkers exposed barley and a hairy root cell culture of horseradish to diclofenac and acetaminophen, and identified two metabolites of diclofenac in plants (Huber et al, 2012): 4-OHdiclofenac (phase I metabolite) and 4-OH-diclofenac glucopyranoside (phase II metabolite); and three phase II metabolites of acetaminophen (Huber et al, 2009): acetaminophen glucoside, acetaminophen glutathione, and the corresponding cysteine conjugate. In Indian mustard, the same authors observed that concentrations of acetaminophen in plant tissues significantly decreased after a 24-h exposure, which was concurrent to an increase in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in leaves and the appearance of the acetaminophen-glutathione conjugate (Bartha et al, 2010).…”

“…A number of studies have been performed under hydroponic conditions to evaluate the bioaccumulation potentials of PPCPs in plants and explore uptake mechanisms under simplified conditions (Bartha et al, 2010;Calderón-Preciado et al, 2012;Dodgen et al, 2013Dodgen et al, , 2015Herklotz et al, 2010;Redshaw et al, 2008;Shenker et al, 2011;Tanoue et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2013). The extent of PPCP uptake by plants is usually evaluated using bioconcentration factor (BCF), which is the ratio of the analyte concentration detected in the plant tissue to the spiked concentration in the growth medium.…”

“…Huber et al (Bartha et al, 2010;Huber et al, 2009Huber et al, , 2012 were among the first to study the metabolism of pharmaceuticals in plant tissues. They proposed that mechanisms for the detoxification of xenobiotics in plants were closely related to those in the mammalian system.…”

“…BCF leaf/stem of PPCPs in plants grown under hydroponic conditions(Bartha et al, 2010;Dodgen et al, 2013;Herklotz et al, 2010;Redshaw et al, 2008;Shenker et al, 2011;Tanoue et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2013). The BCF value was calculated as the ratio of the analyte concentration in plant leaves/stems to the spiked concentration in the growth medium.…”

Generation and Characterization of aCyp2f2-Null Mouse and Studies on the Role of CYP2F2 in Naphthalene-Induced Toxicity in the Lung and Nasal Olfactory Mucosa

“…The collision energy and collision cell exit potential for the m/z 452/306 transition were set to 25 and 10 V, respectively. The transition ion pair for quantitation of the internal standard (AP-GSH) was 457/328 (Bartha et al, 2010) with the collision energy and collision cell exit potential set as 30 and 10 V, respectively. The retention time for NA-GSH was ϳ10.18 min and that for AP-GSH was ϳ8.90 min.…”