Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Valid symptoms and time course

Hughes, John R.

doi:10.1080/14622200701188919

Cited by 672 publications

(609 citation statements)

References 129 publications

(284 reference statements)

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“…Nicotine withdrawal in humans consists of multiple symptoms, such as insomnia, anxiety, increased appetite, and cravings [73,71]. Furthermore, nicotine withdrawal produces changes in cognition, including the disruption of attention [78,141], difficulty in concentration [70,71], and learning and memory deficits [78,79,117].…”

Section: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Animal Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variability in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: Converging evidence from human and animal research

Portugal

Gould

2008

Behavioural Brain Research

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Tobacco smoking is a leading preventable cause of death in the United States and produces a major health and economic burden. Although the majority of smokers want to quit, few are successful. These data highlight the need for additional research into the neurobiology of tobacco dependence. Addiction to nicotine, the main psychoactive component of tobacco, is influenced by multiple factors that include individual differences in genetic makeup. Twin studies have demonstrated that genetic factors can influence vulnerability to nicotine addiction, and subsequent research has identified genes that may alter sensitivity to nicotine. In humans, genome-wide and candidate gene association studies have demonstrated that genes encoding nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) proteins are associated with multiple smoking phenotypes. Similarly, research in mice has provided evidence that naturally occurring variability in nAChR genes is associated with changes in nicotine sensitivity. Furthermore, the use of genetic knockout mice has allowed researchers to determine the nAChR genes that mediate the effects of nicotine, whereas research with knockin mice has demonstrated that changes to nAChR genes can dramatically alter nicotine sensitivity. This review will examine the genetic factors that alter susceptibility to nicotine addiction, with an emphasis on the genes that encode nAChR proteins.

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Section: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Animal Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variability in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: Converging evidence from human and animal research

Portugal

Gould

2008

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…Abstinence from smoking, whether as part of a quit attempt or associated with enforcement of non-smoking laws, is accompanied by tobacco withdrawal symptoms including cigarette craving/desire to smoke, irritability, anxiety, depression and difficulty concentrating (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2000; Hughes, 2007). Smokers commonly believe that smoking improves attention, alertness and concentration (West, 1993) and such perceived benefits have been suggested to motivate continued smoking (Heishman et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers

2013

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Rationale: It is well-established that nicotine improves, and deprivation impairs, cognitive performance and mood in smokers. Prospective memory (PM), remembering to execute a delayed intention at a given time point, is under-explored in smokers. Whilst a handful of studies have shown improved PM with nicotine, effects of nicotine delivered via the electronic cigarette have not been investigated.Objective: This study explores whether, by comparison with placebo, nicotine delivered via the e-cigarette can improve PM, tobacco withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke in abstinent smokers.Methods: Twenty smokers, abstinent for 8-10 hours, each completed two experimental sessions under nicotine (18mg) and placebo (0mg) e-cigarette conditions. Participants completed a single-item desire to smoke scale and the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS). PM was measured using the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT).Results: Compared with placebo, the nicotine e-cigarette reduced desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms, and improved time-based but not event-based PM. There was a moderate, marginally significant negative correlation between PM performance during abstinence and nicotine dependence.Conclusions: This is the first study to show that nicotine derived via e-cigarette can improve PM in abstinent smokers suggesting efficient nicotine delivery. That the effect of nicotine was restricted to time-based rather than event-based PM is consistent with the view that nicotine acts to improve performance on strategic (effortful) rather than automatic processing. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that the e-cigarette can replace some of the effects of nicotine derived from tobacco smoking thus highlighting its potential for smoking cessation.

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“…First, and most important, our findings suggest that physicians can prescribe NRT to alleviate nicotine withdrawal symptoms without concern for inducing adverse events. Although nicotine withdrawal is underrecognized in the hospital, nicotine withdrawal is common, peaks within 1 week of smoking cessation, and includes symptoms of irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, and depressed mood 31. Because these symptoms are largely relieved with NRT, increased use of NRT should improve quality of care and patient experience for many smokers,32, 33, 34 and should also help avoid nicotine withdrawal‐associated delirium 35, 36.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐Term Safety of Nicotine Replacement in Smokers Hospitalized With Coronary Heart Disease

Pack

Priya

Lagu

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundLittle is known about the safety of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in smokers hospitalized with coronary heart disease.Methods and ResultsWe examined the short‐term safety of NRT use among smokers hospitalized for coronary heart disease in a geographically and structurally diverse sample of US hospitals in the year 2014. We compared smokers who started NRT in the first 2 days of hospitalization with smokers without any exposure to NRT and adjusted for baseline differences through propensity score matching. Outcomes included inpatient mortality, hospital length of stay, and 1‐month readmission. From 270 hospitals, we included 27 459 smokers (mean age, 58 years; 69% men; 56.9% in intensive care unit), of whom 4885 (17.8%) received NRT (97.2% used the nicotine patch, at a median dose of 21 mg/d for 3 days). After propensity matching, covariates were well balanced within each patient group. Among patients with myocardial infarction, compared with patients who did not receive NRT, those who received NRT showed no difference in mortality (2.1% versus 2.3%; P=0.98), mean length of stay (4.4±3.5 versus 4.3±3.3 days; P=0.60), or 1‐month readmission (15.8% versus 14.6%; P=0.31). Results were similar for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass surgery.ConclusionsAmong smokers hospitalized for treatment of coronary heart disease, use of NRT was not associated with any differences in short‐term outcomes. Given the known beneficial effects of NRT in treating nicotine withdrawal, reducing cravings, and promoting smoking cessation after discharge, our findings suggest that NRT is a safe and reasonable treatment option.

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Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Valid symptoms and time course

Cited by 672 publications

References 129 publications

Genetic variability in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: Converging evidence from human and animal research

Genetic variability in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: Converging evidence from human and animal research

Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers

Short‐Term Safety of Nicotine Replacement in Smokers Hospitalized With Coronary Heart Disease

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