Effects of a Mobile and Web App (Thought Spot) on Mental Health Help-Seeking Among College and University Students: Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Background Mental health disorders are the most prevalent health issues among postsecondary students, yet few solutions to this emerging crisis exist. While mobile health technologies are touted as promising solutions for the unmet mental health needs of these students, the efficacy of these tools remains unclear. In response to these gaps, this study evaluates Thought Spot, a mobile and web app created through participatory design research. Objective The goal of the research is to examine the impact of Thought Spot on mental health and wellness help-seeking intentions, behaviors, attitudes, self-stigma, and self-efficacy among postsecondary students in Canada. Methods A 2-armed randomized controlled trial involving students from three postsecondary institutions was conducted. Students were eligible if they were aged 17 to 29 years, enrolled in full-time or part-time studies, functionally competent in English, and had access to a compatible digital device. The usual care group received a mental health services information pamphlet. The intervention group received the Thought Spot app on their digital device. Thought Spot is a standalone app that allows users to add, review, and search crowdsourced information about nearby mental health and wellness services. Users can also track their mood on the app. Outcomes were self-assessed through questionnaires collected at baseline and 3 and 6 months. The primary outcome was change in formal help-seeking intentions from baseline to 6 months, measured by the General Help-Seeking Questionnaire. A mixed-effects model was used to compare the impact of usual care and intervention on the primary outcome (formal help-seeking intentions). Secondary outcomes included changes in informal help-seeking intentions and help-seeking behaviors, help-seeking attitudes, self-stigma, and self-efficacy. Results A total of 481 students were randomized into two groups: 240 to usual care, and 241 to the intervention group. There were no significant differences in help-seeking intentions between the usual care and intervention groups over 6 months (F2,877=0.85; P=.43, f=0.04). Both groups demonstrated similar increases in formal help-seeking intentions at 3 and 6 months (F2,877=23.52; P<.001, f=0.21). Compared with males, females sought more help from formal resources (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.22 to 2.83, P=.001). Females were less likely to seek help from informal sources than males (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.73, P<.001). Conclusions Prompting postsecondary students about mental health and help-seeking appears to increase help-seeking intentions. mHealth interventions may be as effective as information pamphlets in increasing formal help-seeking but may confer a small advantage in driving help-seeking from informal sources. Although there is enthusiasm, developers and health policy experts should exercise caution and thoroughly evaluate these types of digital tools. Future studies should explore the cost-effectiveness of digital interventions and develop strategies for improving their efficacy. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03412461; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03412461 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/resprot.6446

Assessing the usability and user engagement of Thought Spot - A digital mental health help-seeking solution for transition-aged youth

“…The results will contextualize the RCT findings ( Wiljer et al, 2020 ) and inform usability and engagement-related factors that merit consideration in future mHealth development and evaluations.…”

“…From 2018 to 2019, a parallel-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Thought Spot ( Wiljer et al, 2020 ). When comparing users who received Thought Spot versus information pamphlets, there were no significant differences (i.e., group-by-time interaction) in help-seeking intentions, help-seeking behaviour, attitudes toward help-seeking, self-stigma, or youth empowerment ( Wiljer et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Given the null results of the RCT ( Wiljer et al, 2020 ), the research team examined how participants who were given Thought Spot engaged with the app. User engagement with mHealth technologies is a growing area of interest ( Torous et al, 2020 ) because it can help researchers understand adherence and dropout during an RCT, which can potentially affect the efficacy of an intervention ( Torous et al, 2018 ).…”

Postsecondary Student Engagement With a Mental Health App and Online Platform (Thought Spot): Qualitative Study of User Experience

“…This qualitative study is part of a larger study that includes a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate Thought Spot [20,27]. The qualitative approach serves to explore questions that complement the larger study, including those that examine factors affecting adoption of and user engagement with Thought Spot for seeking mental health support.…”

“…Facilitating access to mental health support for postsecondary students (youth aged [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] is critical to preventing underlying conditions from worsening as these transition-aged youth enter adulthood [1][2][3]. With widespread ownership of cell phones and a willingness to try web-based services, online and mobile mental health apps have been touted as a promising way to provide mental health information and services to this population [4][5][6][7].…”