Effects of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol on anesthesia and blood biochemistry and the antagonizing action of atipamezole in hamsters

Nakamura, Teppei; Karakida, Naoya; Dantsuka, Ai; Ichii, Osamu; Elewa, Yaser Hosny Ali; Kon, Yasuhiro; Nagasaki, Ken‐ichi; Hattori, Hideki; Yoshiyasu, Tomoji

doi:10.1292/jvms.17-0210

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Hyperglycemia associated with MMB anesthesia has been attributed to the actions of medetomidine. In this study, significant increase of the blood glucose, by approximately 140% of the pre-value, was observed after recovery from the anesthesia; this increase was slighter than that reported previously [13][14][15]. Ionization of calcium increases under an acid environment [3], and the increase in the iCa concentration in the present study could have resulted from balancing of the ionization/protein binding ratio of calcium.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…It is necessary to prevent body heat loss and carefully ensure that small animals are kept warm when under MMB anesthesia. Medetomidine increases the blood glucose concentration transiently by inhibiting insulin secretion from the pancreatic islets [12], and MMB has been reported to induce hyperglycemia in laboratory animals [13][14][15]22]. Hyperglycemia associated with MMB anesthesia has been attributed to the actions of medetomidine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, the general anesthetic consisting of the combination of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol (MMB) has been used in Japan [8]. The use of an injectable agent for inducing general anesthesia entails difficulty in controlling the anesthetic depth and duration, but MMB anesthesia has the advantage that its effects can be rapidly reversed by the injection of atipamezole [10,11,[13][14][15]. Use of MMB for inducing general anesthesia has not become widespread in other countries, where ketamine/xylazine and isoflurane are commonly applied; therefore, experimental data regarding MMB anesthesia are still limited.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…General anesthesia, including that induced by MMB, is often associated with depressions of respiration and circulation, and reduction of the general motor activity, neuronal activity and body temperature. In addition, MMB anesthesia causes inhibition of insulin secretion from the islet cells of the pancreas [12], and has been reported to induce hyperglycemia in mice [14], rats [15,22] and hamsters [13].…”

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Comparison of the anesthetic effect by the injection route of mixed anesthesia (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol) and the effect of this anesthetic agent on the respiratory function

Shibuta

Yamana

Kashimoto

et al. 2020

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Recently, a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol (MMB) has been used as an injectable general anesthetic agent for laboratory animals. The purpose of this study was to establish data to encourage practical usage of MMB, and to clarify the effects of MMB on the respiratory function in rats. To compare the anesthetic efficacy between the injection routes, the anesthetic effects of MMB by subcutaneous (s.c.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection were evaluated in rats. To assess the respiratory function, the blood gas parameters and electrolytes were assessed in serial venous blood samples collected from before s.c. injection of MMB to 270 min after the injection. Recovery from anesthesia and the respiratory changes after atipamezole injection at 30 min after MMB injection was also examined. Subcutaneous injection of MMB was associated with more rapid induction and a longer duration of anesthesia as compared to i.p. injection. The blood gas analysis findings showed MMB had effects on respiratory function, that is, elevations of the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate and reduction of the blood pH. Atipamezole injection resulted in recovery from the MMB-induced anesthetic effect as well as respiratory depression. In conclusion, MMB provides more effective anesthesia administered by s.c. injection compared to i.p. injection and induces respiratory change. These changes were counteracted by atipamezole. Therefore, we recommend MMB administered by s.c. injection for anesthesia, followed by injection of atipamezole after the operative procedure to allow recovery.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the anesthetic effect by the injection route of mixed anesthesia (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol) and the effect of this anesthetic agent on the respiratory function

Shibuta

Yamana

Kashimoto

et al. 2020

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…The stereotaxic surgeries were performed on mice aged 10-16 weeks. Mice were anesthetized with a mixture of three anaesthetics (medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol) 34 , and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (Narishige, SR-5M). The skull above the targeted areas was thinned with a dental drill and removed carefully.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GABAergic neurons in the olfactory cortex projecting to the lateral hypothalamus in mice

Murata

Kinoshita

Fukazawa

et al. 2018

Preprint

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37Olfaction guides goal-directed behaviours including feeding. To investigate how central 38 olfactory neural circuits control feeding behaviour in mice, we performed retrograde 39 tracing from the lateral hypothalamus (LH), an important feeding centre. We observed a 40 cluster of retrogradely labelled cells distributed in the posteroventral region of the 41 olfactory peduncle. Histochemical analyses revealed that a majority of these 42 retrogradely labelled projection neurons expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 43 (GAD65/67), but not vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1). We named this region 44 with GABAergic projection neurons the ventral olfactory nucleus (VON) to 45 discriminate it from the conventional olfactory peduncle. VON neurons were less 46 immunoreactive for DARPP-32, a striatal neuron marker, in comparison to those in the 47 olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens, which distinguished the VON from the 48 ventral striatum. Fluorescent labelling confirmed synaptic contacts between VON 49 neurons and olfactory bulb projection neurons. Rabies-virus-mediated trans-synaptic 50 labelling revealed that VON neurons received synaptic inputs from the olfactory bulb, 51 other olfactory cortices, horizontal limb of the diagonal band, and prefrontal cortex.52 Collectively, these results identified novel GABAergic projection neurons in the 53 olfactory cortex that can integrate olfactory sensory and top-down inputs and send 54 inhibitory output to the LH, which may contribute to forming odour-guided LH-related 55 behaviours. 56 57 4 / 30 58 The central olfactory system translates odour information into motivated behaviours, 59 including appetite-based food approach and eating behaviours 1 . Recent studies have 60 revealed neuronal circuit mechanisms by which odorants evoke specific behaviours, 61 such as fear responses to predator odours 2,3 and attractive responses to social odours 4 . 62 However, it is still unclear how the central olfactory neural circuits control 63 feeding-related behaviours in mammals. 64 Odorants activate olfactory sensory neurons and coded by activation of specific 65 combinations of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB), the first relay centre of the central 66 olfactory system 5 . Mitral cells and tufted cells (M/TCs) are projection neurons in the 67 OB. They convey odour information to several areas in the olfactory cortex which is 68 composed of the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), tenia tecta, dorsal peduncular cortex, 69 anterior piriform cortex (APC), olfactory tubercle (OT), posterior piriform cortex (PPC), 70cortical amygdaloid nuclei, and entorhinal cortex 6 . 71 We previously reported that c-fos activity increased in the anteromedial domain 72 of the OT when mice showed attractive responses to a learned odour cue that predicted 73 food 7 . The OT has indirect anatomical connections to the lateral hypothalamus (LH), an 74 important feeding centre 8,9 , via the ventral pallidum 10 . Knowledge of neural pathways 75 from the olfactory cortex to the LH is crucial ...

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Clinical experience using a combination of dexmedetomidine, ketamine, midazolam and hydromorphone for general anaesthesia in two winter white dwarf hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) undergoing surgical facial procedures

Sarvi

Eshar

2022

Vet Record Case Reports

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A 4-month-old, male winter white dwarf hamster and an adult, male winter white dwarf hamster of unknown age were presented for surgical procedures of the face. An injectable anaesthesia protocol with DKMH (dexmedetomidine 0.1 mg/kg, ketamine 20 mg/kg, midazolam 1 mg/kg and hydromorphone 0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously to anaesthetise each hamster. Anaesthesia was induced in less than 1 minute and a surgical plane of anaesthesia was maintained for the duration of the procedure for both hamsters. Postoperatively, flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg) and atipamezole (1 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously and the hamsters recovered uneventfully without anaesthetic-related complications.

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Effects of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol on anesthesia and blood biochemistry and the antagonizing action of atipamezole in hamsters

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Comparison of the anesthetic effect by the injection route of mixed anesthesia (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol) and the effect of this anesthetic agent on the respiratory function

Comparison of the anesthetic effect by the injection route of mixed anesthesia (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol) and the effect of this anesthetic agent on the respiratory function

GABAergic neurons in the olfactory cortex projecting to the lateral hypothalamus in mice

Clinical experience using a combination of dexmedetomidine, ketamine, midazolam and hydromorphone for general anaesthesia in two winter white dwarf hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) undergoing surgical facial procedures

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