“…Rapp, Brenes, & Marsh, 2002;Schmidt, Zwart, Berg, & Deelman, 1999;Schmidt, Berg, & Deelman, 2000), others improving performance without consistent changes in beliefs (Rebok & Balcerak, 1989;Hill et al, 1987;Scogin, Storandt, & Lott, 1985;Woolverton, Scogin, Shackelford, & Black, 2001;Zarit, Cole, & Guider, 1981a;Zarit, Gallagher, & Kramer, 1981b). Studies emphasizing strategy training plus memory education to enhance positive beliefs have also shown mixed results (Troyer, 2001;Turner & Pinkston, 1993).…”