Effects of a Cyanobacterial Toxin on Trematode Cercariae

Milotic, Marin; Milotic, Dino; Koprivnikar, Janet

doi:10.1645/18-170

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…As with similar studies (e.g. Hua et al ., 2016; Milotic et al ., 2019), we elected to use separate 96-well tissue culture plates for each of our treatments so as reduce potential cross-contamination. To avoid plate-level effects, the experiment for each cercaria species/type used 25 plates in total, with five plates allocated to each of the five treatments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the experiment carried with each trematode genus/type, we filled plates with cercariae in random order, organized them in a corresponding manner on a lab bench and then systematically examined the plates at each time point in the same order in which they were filled. In this manner, the plate that first received cercariae was examined first, and so on, ensuring that exposure to a given treatment was the same for each cercaria, but also that this did not differ among the treatments (see Milotic et al ., 2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h), and then at 24 h. At each of these time points, we recorded the activity (yes or no) and survival (dead or alive) of each cercaria. We considered cercariae as active if they were swimming and could potentially orient towards a possible host, and dead once they no longer responded to stimulus by a probe (see Hua et al ., 2016; Milotic et al ., 2019). These observation time points were selected because cercariae of most species do not live beyond 24 h (e.g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of road salt on a free-living trematode infectious stage

Milotic

Koprivnikar

2020

J. Helminthol.

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Many temperate freshwater habitats are at risk for contamination by run-off associated with the application of road de-icing salts. Elevated salinity can have various detrimental effects on freshwater organisms, including greater susceptibility to infection by parasites and pathogens. However, to better understand the net effects of road salt exposure on host–parasite dynamics, it is necessary to consider the impacts on free-living parasite infectious stages, such as the motile aquatic cercariae of trematodes. Here, we examined the longevity and activity of cercariae from four different freshwater trematodes (Ribeiroia ondatrae, Echinostoma sp., Cephalogonimus sp. and an unidentified strigeid-type) that were exposed to road salt at five different environmentally relevant concentrations (160, 360, 560, 760 and 960 mg/ml of sodium chloride). Exposure to road salt had minimal detrimental effects, with cercariae activity and survival often greatest at intermediate concentrations. Only the cercariae of Cephalogonimus sp. showed reduced longevity at the highest salt concentration, with those of both R. ondatrae and the unidentified strigeid-type exhibiting diminished activity, indicating interspecific variation in response. Importantly, cercariae seem to be relatively unaffected by salt concentrations known to increase infection susceptibility in some of their hosts. More studies will be needed to examine this potential dichotomy in road salt effects between hosts and trematodes, including influences on parasite infectivity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of road salt on a free-living trematode infectious stage

Milotic

Koprivnikar

2020

J. Helminthol.

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“…The free-living cercarial life stage of trematodes is exposed to the environment of their hosts during transmission, leaving them vulnerable to exposure to environmental contaminants (Pietrock and Marcogliese 2003;Sures et al 2017). Indeed, exposure of trematodes to a wide range of contaminants and toxicants has been shown to induce mortality in these freeliving life stages (Morley et al 2003;Rohr et al 2008a;Hua et al 2016;Sures et al 2017;Buss et al 2019Buss et al , 2020Milotic et al 2019Milotic et al , 2020. In the present study we examined the potential for direct lethal effects of microplastics on cercariae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Polyester Microplastic Fiber Contamination on Amphibian–Trematode Interactions

Buss

Sander

Hua

2021

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Microplastic contamination poses a global threat to aquatic organisms, yet we know little as to how microplastics may indirectly affect organismal health via their influence on species–species interactions (e.g., host–parasite interactions). This is problematic because microplastic‐mediated alterations to host–parasite dynamics could negatively impact individual‐ population‐level health of hosts. Using a larval amphibian (host) and free‐living trematode (parasite) model, we asked whether 1) polyester microplastic fibers influence parasite survival; 2) whether polyester microplastic fiber ingestion by amphibians alters amphibian susceptibility to infection; and 3) whether simultaneous exposure of amphibians and trematodes to polyester microplastic fibers influences infection outcomes. Polyester microplastic fibers did not alter trematode survival, nor did their ingestion by amphibians increase amphibian susceptibility to infection. However, when amphibians and trematodes were exposed simultaneously to the fibers, the infection success of the parasite was reduced. Lastly, we conducted a field survey for microfiber contamination across multiple ponds and found microfibers across each of the sampled ponds. Overall, our results contribute to the limited knowledge surrounding the ecological consequences of microplastic contamination. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:869–879. © 2021 SETAC

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“…Po prirodi stvari, kod prosjačenja će ugovor o darovanju najčešće biti sklopljen kao realni ugovor (koji se sklapa predajom stvari te suglasnost volja ugovornih strana koincidira s ispunjenjem 65 ), a najčešći predmeti darovanja bit će pokretne stvari, odnosno gotov novac 66 za čije se darovanje ne zahtijeva poseban oblik ugovora. 67 Već iz volje darovatelja (animus donandi), kao bitna elementa ugovora o darovanju, čime "svjesno i dobrovoljno preuzima obvezu darovanja (…) znajući da nije obvezan to učiniti, ali on to učini upravo s namjerom da nekog obdari" 68 , proizlazi neprihvatljivost oduzimanja darovane stvari ili novca obdareniku, samo zato što darovanje koincidira s prosjačenjem. Naime, činjenica da su s ispunjenjem elemenata za nastanak ugovora o darovanju istodobno ispunjeni elementi prekršajnog djela prosjačenja ne bi trebala utjecati na valjanost ugovora o darovanju, s obzirom na to da stvar ili novac darovani prosjaku nisu izišli iz sastava imovine darovatelja protiv njegove volje.…”

Section: Nužnostunclassified

Ustavotvorčeva vizija socijalno pravednoga poretka i zaštita dostojanstva i siromašnih osoba

Erent-Sunko

Kuzelj

Kvartuč

2022

God. Akad. prav. znan. Hrvat. (Online)

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Kažnjavanje prosjačenja i skitnje relikt je prijašnjih, nedemokratskih pravnih sustava te je neprihvatljivo sa stajališta suvremene demokratske i socijalne ustavne države. Stoga valja izvući pouke iz povijesnoga engleskog iskustva iz razdoblja tzv. siromaškog prava prije negoli se pristupi razmatranju sankcioniranja prosjaka i skitnica u suvremenome hrvatskom pravnom poretku. Ustavni koncept socijalne države i načelo socijalne pravde postavljaju pozitivni zahtjev zakonodavcu na osiguranje minimuma egzistencije siromašnih osoba potrebnog za ostvarenje ljudskog dostojanstva te negativnu obvezu suzdržavanja od sankcioniranja siromašnih. U tom kontekstu neprihvatljivo je kažnjavanje prosjačenja i skitnje u suvremenome hrvatskom pravnom poretku. Jednako je neprihvatljivo oduzimanje prosjačenjem stečene imovinske koristi. S aspekta ustavne vrednote nepovredivosti vlasništva i ustavnog jamstva prava vlasništva ne bi smjelo biti mjesta oduzimanju stvari / gotova novca stečenih na osnovi darovanja prosjaka. Stoga se u radu postavlja teza o nužnosti napuštanja kažnjavanja prosjačenja i skitnje kao relikta socijalističkog, ali i prijašnjih nedemokratskih razdoblja.

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Effects of a Cyanobacterial Toxin on Trematode Cercariae

Cited by 7 publications

References 62 publications

Effects of road salt on a free-living trematode infectious stage

Effects of road salt on a free-living trematode infectious stage

Effects of Polyester Microplastic Fiber Contamination on Amphibian–Trematode Interactions

Ustavotvorčeva vizija socijalno pravednoga poretka i zaštita dostojanstva i siromašnih osoba

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