Effects of a 12-Week Very-Low Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet on Maximal Aerobic Capacity, High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise, and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation: Non-randomized Parallel-Group Study

Dostál, T; Plews, Daniel J.; Hofmann, Peter; Laursen, Paul B.; Cipryan, Lukas

doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00912

Cited by 27 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Evidence suggests no decrement to short-duration vigorous-intensity exercise following 3–12 weeks of a KD within trained (Table 3A)21 and recreationally trained athletes (Table 3B). 19,24–26 Findings are contrary to sports nutrition guidelines, which recommend carbohydrate availability to enable vigorous performance 3,4. However, improved 2000 m performance (duration: >8 mins),21 and maintenance of CPT (duration: 3 mins)19 can be explained mechanistically.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Short-duration (>30 s) vigorous exercise in athletes consuming a ketogenic diet Rhyu and Cho21Taekwondo athletesRandomized control trial21 daysDiet – see Table 2ANot measured2000 m runYesNKD unchanged +1.4 s; KD −32 s (TxG, p<0.05) 3B. Short-duration (>30 s) vigorous exercise in recreationally trained athletes consuming a ketogenic diet Kephart et al,24CrossFit traineesNon-randomized control trial90 days (12 weeks)Diet – see Table 2CYesβHB ~1.0 mM (handheld meter)400 m outdoor runPre-exercise meal(s); not controlled (g/kcal)No decrementWD +0.6 sec; KD +0.1 sec (p=0.326)McSwiney et al,19Endurance athletesNon-randomized control trial12 weeksDiet – see Table 1CYesβHB 0.5 mMCPT (3 min sprint)YesCPT relative peak power increased in KD (p=0.047).CPT average power (p=0.336)*Note: KD had greater body fat (kg) at baseline (p<0.05)Cipryan et al,25Moderately trained malesRandomized control trial4 weeks (28 days)HD ( n =9; 48% CHO, 35% fat, 17% protein); KD ( n =9; 8% CHO, 63% fat, 29% protein)YesβHB 0.4–0.7 mM (handheld meter)Graded exercise test TTENo decrementHD +1.8 min; KD +2.5 mins (ES ± 90% CI = −0.1 ± 0.3)HD −0.8 kg; KD −4.7 kg, 75–95% CI5 x 3 min interval sprints at 100% VO 2max ; 1.5 mins recoveryNo decrementRER decreased (HD −0.01 RER; KD −0.1 RER; ES ± 90% CI = −1.5 ± 0.1), but mean % VO 2max unchanged (HD = +0.6%; KD =-0.1%; ES ± 90% CI = 0.0§ ± 0.0)Dostal et al,26Non-randomized parallel groupRecreationally trained men and women12 weeks( n =12, 46% CHO, 35% fat, 19% protein); KD ( n =12, 8% CHO, 69% fat, 23% protein)YesβHB >0.5 mM(handheld meter)Graded exercise test TTENo decrement+82 sec (p=0.005) increase in TTE within KD and +69 sec (p=0.018) in HC groupsHC −0.9 kg; KD −3.6 kg 3C. Sprint-near maximal exercise (<30 s) in athletes consuming a ketogenic diet Rhyu and Cho21Taekwondo athletesRandomized control trial21 daysDiet – see Table 2ANot measuredWingate…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Sprint-near maximal exercise (<30 s) in athletes consuming a ketogenic diet Rhyu and Cho21Taekwondo athletesRandomized control trial21 daysDiet – see Table 2ANot measuredWingateNo decrementNKD −0.61 w/kg, KD −1.05 w/kg (p>0.05)100 m sprintNo decrementNKD +0.22 sec, KD +0.18 sec (p>0.05)* Note : KD lost greater body mass (NKD −2.5 kg; KD −3.7 kg); may have confounded weight bearing tests (2000/100 m sprints) 3D. Sprint-near maximal exercise (<30 s) in recreationally trained athletes consuming a ketogenic diet McSwiney et al,19Endurance athletesNon-randomized control trial12 weeksDiet – see Table 1CYesβHB 0.5 mMSS SprintTest nutrition – see Table 1CYesSS peak power increased KD (+0.8 w/kg), & unchanged HC (−0.1 w/kg) (p=0.025)Dostal et al,26Non-randomized parallel group12 weeksDiet – see Table 3BYesβHB >0.5 mM(handheld meter)30-15 Intermittent Fitness TestNo decrementTTE increased in KD (158.1 sec, BF 10 ≥100; p=0.001) and HC (116.5 sec, BF 10 ≥100; p=0.001) Note: Evidence categories were; 1 no evidence, 1–3 anecdotal evidence, 3–10 moderate evidence, 10–30 strong evidence, 30–100 very strong evidence, and >100 decisive evidence. Abbreviations: VO 2max, maximal oxygen uptake; m, meter; NKD, non-ketogenic diet; KD, ketogenic diet; sec, second; w/kg, watts per kilogram; kg, kilogram; βHB, beta-hydroxybutyrate; mM, millimoles per liter; CPT, critical power test; SS, six-second sprint; HC, high carbohydrate; WD, western diet; HD, habitual diet; TTE, time to exhaustion; ES, effect size; CI, confidence interval; VO 2peak , peak oxygen consumption; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; AP, absolute power; BF 10 , Bayes Factor (statistical index that quantifies evidence of hypothesis, compared to alternative hypothesis). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 No decrement to 400 m outdoor run, graded exercise test TTE and 5 x 3 min interval sprints were observed within recreationally trained athletes (Table 3B). 19,24–26 Beneficial effects for completion of CPT were observed following 12-week adherence within recreational endurance athletes (Table 3B). 19…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 Six second (SS) sprint performance improved,19 and 30–15 sprint performance experienced no decrement following 12-week KD adherence within recreationally trained athletes (Table 3D). 26…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

<p>Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights</p>

McSwiney¹,

Doyle²,

Plews³

et al. 2019

OAJSM

Self Cite

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The impact of a ketogenic diet (KD) (<50 g/d carbohydrate, >75% fat) on athletic performance has sparked much interest and self-experimentation in the past 3–4 years. Evidence shows 3–4-week adaptations to a KD in endurance-trained athletes were associated with maintenance of moderate (46–63% VO2max) and vigorous intensity (64–90% VO2max) endurance exercise, while at intensities >70% VO2max, increases in fat oxidation were associated with decreased economy (increased oxygen consumption), and in some cases, increased ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate. Two investigations in recreationally active endurance athletes noted no vigorous intensity exercise decrement following 3- and 12-week adaptations. Moderate (70–85% one repetition maximum) and near-maximal to maximal intensity (>85% 1RM) strength performance experienced no decrement following a 3-12-week KD adaptation. Beneficial effects were noted for 2000 m sprint and critical power test completed for short duration at vigorous intensity, while two additional tests noted no decrement. For sprint, near-maximal exercise (>91% VO2max), benefit of the KD was observed for six-second sprint, while no decrement in performance was noted for two additional maximal tests. When protein is equated (grams per kilogram), one investigation noted no decrement in muscle hypertrophy, while one noted a decrement. One investigation with matched protein noted the KD group lost more body fat. In conclusion, moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise experiences no decrement following adaptation to a KD. Decreases in exercise economy are observed >70% VO2max in trained endurance athletes which may negate performance within field settings. Beneficial effects of the KD during short duration vigorous, and sprint bouts of exercises are often confounded by greater weight loss in the KD group. With more athletes pursuing carbohydrate-restricted diets (moderate and strict (KD)) for their proposed health benefits, more work is needed in the area to address both performance and health outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

<p>Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights</p>

McSwiney¹,

Doyle²,

Plews³

et al. 2019

OAJSM

Self Cite

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Nutritional Guidelines Including Hydration Recommendations and Energy Needs for the Female Athlete: Preventing Low Energy Availability and Functional Amenorrhea Through Nutritional Therapy

García‐González

Robert-McComb

2023

The Active Female

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Nutritional Considerations During Major Weight Loss Therapy: Focus on Optimal Protein and a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Pattern

Volek,

Kackley,

Buga

2024

Curr Nutr Rep

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Purpose of Review Considering the high prevalence of obesity and related metabolic impairments in the population, the unique role nutrition has in weight loss, reversing metabolic disorders, and maintaining health cannot be overstated. Normal weight and well-being are compatible with varying dietary patterns, but for the last half century there has been a strong emphasis on low-fat, low-saturated fat, high-carbohydrate based approaches. Whereas low-fat dietary patterns can be effective for a subset of individuals, we now have a population where the vast majority of adults have excess adiposity and some degree of metabolic impairment. We are also entering a new era with greater access to bariatric surgery and approval of anti-obesity medications (glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues) that produce substantial weight loss for many people, but there are concerns about disproportionate loss of lean mass and nutritional deficiencies. Recent Findings No matter the approach used to achieve major weight loss, careful attention to nutritional considerations is necessary. Here, we examine the recent findings regarding the importance of adequate protein to maintain lean mass, the rationale and evidence supporting low-carbohydrate and ketogenic dietary patterns, and the potential benefits of including exercise training in the context of major weight loss. Summary While losing and sustaining weight loss has proven challenging, we are optimistic that application of emerging nutrition science, particularly personalized well-formulated low-carbohydrate dietary patterns that contain adequate protein (1.2 to 2.0 g per kilogram reference weight) and achieve the beneficial metabolic state of euketonemia (circulating ketones 0.5 to 5 mM), is a promising path for many individuals with excess adiposity. Graphical Abstract Created with Biorender.com.

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Effects of a 12-Week Very-Low Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet on Maximal Aerobic Capacity, High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise, and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation: Non-randomized Parallel-Group Study

Cited by 27 publications

References 43 publications

<p>Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights</p>

<p>Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights</p>

Nutritional Guidelines Including Hydration Recommendations and Energy Needs for the Female Athlete: Preventing Low Energy Availability and Functional Amenorrhea Through Nutritional Therapy

Nutritional Considerations During Major Weight Loss Therapy: Focus on Optimal Protein and a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Pattern

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